{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:01:34Z","timestamp":1791424894355,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Several blood pressure guidelines recommend low sodium intake (&amp;lt;2.3\u2009g\/day, 100\u2009mmol, 5.8\u2009g\/day of salt) for the entire population, on the premise that reductions in sodium intake, irrespective of the levels, will lower blood pressure, and, in turn, reduce cardiovascular disease occurrence. These guidelines have been developed without effective interventions to achieve sustained low sodium intake in free-living individuals, without a feasible method to estimate sodium intake reliably in individuals, and without high-quality evidence that low sodium intake reduces cardiovascular events (compared with moderate intake). In this review, we examine whether the recommendation for low sodium intake, reached by current guideline panels, is supported by robust evidence. Our review provides a counterpoint to the current recommendation for low sodium intake and suggests that a specific low sodium intake target (e.g. &amp;lt;2.3\u2009g\/day) for individuals may be unfeasible, of uncertain effect on other dietary factors and of unproven effectiveness in reducing cardiovascular disease. We contend that current evidence, despite methodological limitations, suggests that most of the world\u2019s population consume a moderate range of dietary sodium (2.3\u20134.6g\/day; 1\u20132 teaspoons of salt) that is not associated with increased cardiovascular risk, and that the risk of cardiovascular disease increases when sodium intakes exceed 5\u2009g\/day. While current evidence has limitations, and there are differences of opinion in interpretation of existing evidence, it is reasonable, based upon observational studies, to suggest a population-level mean target of &amp;lt;5\u2009g\/day in populations with mean sodium intake of &amp;gt;5\u2009g\/day, while awaiting the results of large randomized controlled trials of sodium reduction on incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T11:32:23Z","timestamp":1594380743000},"page":"3363-3373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Salt and cardiovascular disease: insufficient evidence to recommend low sodium intake"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HRB-Clinical Research Facility , NUI Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario, Estudios Cl\u00ednicos Latinoam\u00e9rica, Rosario , Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Development Unit, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9122-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica de Santander, Instituto Masira, Universidad de Santander , Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich C","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D Experimental 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagat","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mount Sinai Medical Centre , New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7505-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Oparil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-2387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Packer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Hear and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Centre , Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorairaj","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronic Conditions & Injuries, Public 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