{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:33:19Z","timestamp":1792665199337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the use of anti-anginal drugs and\/or percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting, the proportion of patients with coronary artery disease who have daily or weekly angina ranges from 2% to 24%. Refractory angina refers to long-lasting symptoms (for &amp;gt;3\u2009months) due to established reversible ischaemia, which cannot be controlled by escalating medical therapy with the use of 2nd- and 3rd-line pharmacological agents, bypass grafting, or stenting. While there is uncertain prognostic benefit, the treatment of refractory angina is important to improve the quality of life of the patients affected. This review focuses on conventional pharmacological approaches to treating refractory angina, including guideline directed drug combination and dosages. The symptomatic and prognostic impact of advanced and novel revascularization strategies such as chronic total occlusion PCI, transmyocardial laser revascularization, coronary sinus occlusion, radiation therapy for recurrent restenosis, and spinal cord stimulation are also covered and recommendations of the 2019 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes discussed. Finally, the potential clinical use of current angiogenetic and stem cell therapies in reducing ischaemia and\/or pain is evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T07:12:54Z","timestamp":1601709174000},"page":"269-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Management of refractory angina: an update"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK"},{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK"},{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo R","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Banai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slezak Super Centre for Cardiac Research, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Tel Aviv Medical Centre , Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Yl\u00e4-Herttuala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F","family":"L\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK"},{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals , London, UK"},{"name":"University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022102512215899100_ehaa820-B1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Some account of a disorder of the breast","volume":"2","author":"Heberden","year":"1772","journal-title":"Med Trans R Coll Phys Lond"},{"key":"2022102512215899100_ehaa820-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890008995938","article-title":"The brain-heart axis in the perception of cardiac pain: the elusive link between ischaemia and pain","volume":"32","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann 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