{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:01:47Z","timestamp":1794488507472,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n This report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas Project updates and expands upon the widely cited 2019 report in presenting cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics for the 57 ESC member countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n Statistics pertaining to 2019, or the latest available year, are presented. Data sources include the World Health Organization, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the World Bank, and novel ESC sponsored data on human and capital infrastructure and cardiovascular healthcare delivery. New material in this report includes sociodemographic and environmental determinants of CVD, rheumatic heart disease, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, left-sided valvular heart disease, the advocacy potential of these CVD statistics, and progress towards World Health Organization (WHO) 2025 targets for non-communicable diseases. Salient observations in this report: (i) Females born in ESC member countries in 2018 are expected to live 80.8 years and males 74.8 years. Life expectancy is longer in high income (81.6 years) compared with middle-income (74.2 years) countries. (ii) In 2018, high-income countries spent, on average, four times more on healthcare than middle-income countries. (iii) The median PM2.5 concentrations in 2019 were over twice as high in middle-income ESC member countries compared with high-income countries and exceeded the EU air quality standard in 14 countries, all middle-income. (iv) In 2016, more than one in five adults across the ESC member countries were obese with similar prevalence in high and low-income countries. The prevalence of obesity has more than doubled over the past 35 years. (v) The burden of CVD falls hardest on middle-income ESC member countries where estimated incidence rates are \u223c30% higher compared with high-income countries. This is reflected in disability-adjusted life years due to CVD which are nearly four times as high in middle-income compared with high-income countries. (vi) The incidence of calcific aortic valve disease has increased seven-fold during the last 30 years, with age-standardized rates four times as high in high-income compared with middle-income countries. (vii) Although the total number of CVD deaths across all countries far exceeds the number of cancer deaths for both sexes, there are 15 ESC member countries in which cancer accounts for more deaths than CVD in males and five-member countries in which cancer accounts for more deaths than CVD in females. (viii) The under-resourced status of middle-income countries is associated with a severe procedural deficit compared with high-income countries in terms of coronary intervention, ablation procedures, device implantation, and cardiac surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Risk factors and unhealthy behaviours are potentially reversible, and this provides a huge opportunity to address the health inequalities across ESC member countries that are highlighted in this report. It seems clear, however, that efforts to seize this opportunity are falling short and present evidence suggests that most of the WHO NCD targets for 2025 are unlikely to be met across ESC member countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T15:27:22Z","timestamp":1640014042000},"page":"716-799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1028,"title":["European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Timmis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panos","family":"Vardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygeia Hospitals Group, HHG , Athens,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"European Heart Agency, European Society of Cardiology , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath Department for Health, , Bath,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Torbica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bocconi University Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), , Milan,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Katus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, , Heidelberg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"De Smedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Department of Public Health, , Ghent,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris P.","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Centre, , Leeds,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo P.","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) , Florence,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4622-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen E.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Huculeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Heart Agency, European Society of Cardiology , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dzianis","family":"Kazakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Heart Agency, European Society of Cardiology , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"de Benito Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Heart Agency, European Society of Cardiology , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ignatiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Ospedali Riuniti Padova Sud , Monselice,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Raisi-Estabragh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstratios","family":"Karagiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki First Department of Cardiology, , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick","family":"Treskes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center Department of Cardiology, , Leiden,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Gaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutul de Boli Cardiovasculare Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Victor Babes, , Timisoara,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Basil Hetzel Institute , Adelaide,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7262-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"McConnachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, , Glasgow,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Bardinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Society of Cardiology , Sophia Antipolis,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght University Hospital , Dublin,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Flather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East Anglia Norwich Medical School, , Norwich,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3383-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Institute of Cardiovascular Science, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8664-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias A.","family":"Mossialos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics Department of Health Policy, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Weidinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik Landstrasse Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Achenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg , Erlangen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"European Society of Cardiology","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lezha","family":"Mimoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goda","family":"Artan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demiraj","family":"Aurel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Chettibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarine","family":"Vardanyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Pepoyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamayak","family":"Sisakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Scherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Siostrzonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Metzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isah","family":"Mustafayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tofig","family":"Jahangirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Rustamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Mitkovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Shibeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriy","family":"Stelmashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"De Pauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizio","family":"Lancellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zumreta","family":"Ku\u0161ljugi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alen","family":"D\u017eubur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elnur","family":"Smaji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Tokmakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassil","family":"Traykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davor","family":"Milicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijan","family":"Pasalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasa","family":"Pavasovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Christodoulides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Papasavvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Eftychiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Linhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"T\u00e1borsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hutyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob Thorsted","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads J\u00f8nsson","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen Dalby","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdy","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Shokry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priit","family":"Kampus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Laine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Niemel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Iung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dali","family":"Trapaidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kakhaber","family":"Etsadashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Aladashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Bestehorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Baldus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Zeiher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kanakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Patrianakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Chrysohoou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Csan\u00e1di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"J\u00e1rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00de\u00f3rd\u00eds J\u00f3na","family":"Hrafnkelsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbra","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arik","family":"Wolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal Ben","family":"Assa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barak","family":"Zafrir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Murrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Spaccarotella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Urbinati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berkinbayev","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakhov","family":"Orazbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdrakhmanov","family":"Ayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gani","family":"Bajraktari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Docor Afrim","family":"Poniku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirrakhimov","family":"Erkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abilova","family":"Saamay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalysov","family":"Kurban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrejs","family":"Erglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanda","family":"Jegere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iveta","family":"Bajare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malek","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Sarkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Saadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimvydas","family":"\u0160lapikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Lapinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"\u010celutkien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Ellafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathi","family":"El Ghamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Beissel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Banu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Xuereb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihail","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorin","family":"Lisii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Rudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Boskovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Rabrenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Ztot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadia","family":"Abir-Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.G.","family":"Meeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.C.","family":"van Rossum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Elsendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorgo","family":"Kostov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta Srbinovska","family":"Kostovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasko","family":"Kedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Christian","family":"Mj\u00f8lstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Bleie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Gierlotka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio Bravo","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeta","family":"Badila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Gaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan A.","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Shlyakhto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Zvartau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Kotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Foscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Zavatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinisa","family":"Stojkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milorad","family":"Tesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Juricic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kalisk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hatala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hliv\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zlatko","family":"Fras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Bunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Pernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Cequier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Anguita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mu\u00f1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyotr","family":"Platonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Carballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjam","family":"R\u00fcdiger-St\u00fcrchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix C.","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam Eddin","family":"Shebli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Kabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addad","family":"Faouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem","family":"Abdessalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedat","family":"Aytekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilyas","family":"Atar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Kovalenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Nesukay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Archbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upasana","family":"Tayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravshanbek","family":"Kurbanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khurshid","family":"Fozilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirakhmadjon","family":"Mirmaksudov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghislain","family":"Daval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganna","family":"Momotyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sebastiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa036","article-title":"A tale of two countries: how decentralized organization and long-term investment build resilient healthcare systems","volume":"6","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa084","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care and management of patients with acute cardiovascular disease: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Kiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcv020","article-title":"The European Society of Cardiology Atlas of Cardiology: rational, objectives, and methods","volume":"2","author":"Vardas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx628","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2017","volume":"39","author":"Timmis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz859","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2019","volume":"41","author":"Timmis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B6","author":"World Bank"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B7","author":"World Health Organization: WHO Mortality Database"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B8","author":"Eurostat"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B9","volume-title":"WHO methods and data sources for country-level causes of death 2000\u20132012","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants","volume":"387","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31919-5","article-title":"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19\u00b71 million participants","volume":"389","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B12","author":"IHME\u2014measuring what matters","year":")"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00458-3","article-title":"History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization","volume":"78","author":"Mathers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B16","volume-title":"Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses for burden of disease and risk factor estimates","author":"Mathers","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2017-104365","article-title":"The disvalue of death in the global burden of disease","volume":"44","author":"Solberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15011.2","article-title":"Metric partnerships: global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Tichenor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B19","author":"WHO Expert Reference Group on the Draft GPW 13 Impact Framework 2019\u20132023. First report","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B20","author":"The World Bank\u2014Data Bank"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B21","volume-title":"New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2020\u20132021","author":"Serajuddin","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","article-title":"Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots","volume":"74","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307887","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality in the UK: good news if you live in the South","volume":"101","author":"Timmis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcx007","article-title":"Regional differences in coronary revascularization procedures and outcomes: a nationwide 11-year observational study","volume":"3","author":"Vaez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-019-0187-7","article-title":"Examining trends in cardiovascular disease mortality across Europe: how does the introduction of a new European Standard Population affect the description of the relative burden of cardiovascular disease?","volume":"17","author":"Tadayon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Population Health Metrics"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B26","volume-title":"Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control","author":"Mendis","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B27","volume-title":"Age structure. Our World in Data","author":"Ritchie","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178945","article-title":"Ethnicity and the first diagnosis of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases: associations in a linked electronic health record cohort of 1 million patients","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.01.003","article-title":"CVD risk factors and ethnicity\u2014a homogeneous relationship?","volume":"7","author":"Forouhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atheroscler Suppl"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B30","volume-title":"Ethnicity and deprivation in England: how likely are ethnic minorities to live in deprived neighbourhoods?","author":"Jivraj","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2992","article-title":"Healthy and unhealthy assimilation: country of origin and smoking behavior among immigrants","volume":"23","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1086\/671200","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in physical activity","volume":"7","author":"Saffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Cap"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.014","article-title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals of South Asian ethnicity living in Europe","volume":"286","author":"Cainzos-Achirica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001503","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001503","article-title":"Characteristics of people with low health literacy on coronary heart disease GP registers in South London: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Rowlands","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39534.571042.BE","article-title":"Inequity of access to investigation and effect on clinical outcomes: prognostic study of coronary angiography for suspected stable angina pectoris","volume":"336","author":"Sekhri","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcz061","article-title":"Impact of limited English proficiency on presentation and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"6","author":"Biswas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/13557859998119","article-title":"Quality of health care for ethnic\/racial minority populations","volume":"4","author":"Trevino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00028","article-title":"Ethnic differences in use of cardiovascular procedures: new insights and new challenges","volume":"130","author":"Kravitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(00)90017-6","article-title":"Race and sex differences in the management of coronary artery disease","volume":"139","author":"Sheifer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025396","article-title":"How structural racism works\u2014racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities","volume":"384","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B41","author":"Worldometer \u2013 Europe Demographics"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B42","volume-title":"Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on","author":"Marmot","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B43","first-page":"126","article-title":"Urbanization and coronary heart disease: a study of urban-rural differences in northern India","volume":"58","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033548","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033548","article-title":"Changes to cardiovascular risk factors over 7 years: a prospective cohort study of in situ urbanised residents in the Chaoyang District of Beijing","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B45","volume-title":"Urbanization and 45. Cardiovascular disease: raising heart-healthy children in today\u2019s cities","author":"World Heart Federation","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions","volume":"137","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32380-7","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the 25\u2005\u00d7\u200525 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1\u00b77 million men and women","volume":"389","author":"Stringhini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-016-0471-1","article-title":"The impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients","volume":"14","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001025","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001025","article-title":"Is access to specialist assessment of chest pain equitable by age, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status? An enhanced ecological cohort analysis","volume":"2","author":"Sekhri","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.163","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease: risks and implications for care","volume":"6","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224648","article-title":"Neighborhood effects on the long-term well-being of low-income adults","volume":"337","author":"Ludwig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303471","article-title":"Neighborhood disadvantage, poor social conditions, and cardiovascular disease incidence among African American adults in the Jackson heart study","volume":"106","author":"Barber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.11.005","article-title":"Income inequality and outcomes in heart failure: a global between-country analysis","volume":"7","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B54","volume-title":"Health Survey for England 2017: cardiovascular disease","author":"Scholes","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcz053","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in outcomes after hospital admission for atrial fibrillation or flutter","volume":"7","author":"Hagengaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.66.6.1308","article-title":"Relationship of education to major risk factors and death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes, findings of three Chicago epidemiologic studies","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10775-3","article-title":"The association between education and cardiovascular disease incidence is mediated by hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index","volume":"7","author":"D\u00e9gano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002834","article-title":"Educational attainment and cardiovascular disease in the United States: a quasi-experimental instrumental variables analysis","volume":"16","author":"Hamad","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1877","article-title":"Association of educational attainment with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"177","author":"Kubota","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.065532","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and ischaemic heart disease mortality in 10 western European populations during the 1990s","volume":"92","author":"Avendano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e748","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30045-2","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in 20 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiologic (PURE) study","volume":"7","author":"Rosengren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213179","article-title":"Association between employment status and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"74","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.188","article-title":"The contribution of diet and lifestyle to socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality","volume":"168","author":"Mejean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002","article-title":"Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"35","author":"Gaziano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B65","author":"European Commission: The Future of Cities"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdq093","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of angina pectoris in South Asians and Whites: 18 years of follow-up over seven phases in the Whitehall-II prospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Zaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22385","article-title":"Disparities in stroke incidence contributing to disparities in stroke mortality","volume":"69","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002604","article-title":"Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.015124","article-title":"Association of race with mortality and cardiovascular events in a large cohort of US veterans","volume":"132","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5806-x","article-title":"The economic burden of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi733","article-title":"Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union","volume":"27","author":"Leal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B72","volume-title":"Current health expenditure (% of GDP)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/7b219798-en","volume-title":"Estimating expenditure by disease, age and gender-focus on health spending","author":"OECD","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B74","volume-title":"HEDIC: Health Expenditures by Diseases and Conditions","author":"Eurostat","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B75","volume-title":"Health matters: preventing cardiovascular disease","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B76","volume-title":"Am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 et ma\u00eetriserles d\u00e9penses-Propositionsde l\u2019Assurance Maladie pour 2019","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B77","volume-title":"Zorguitgaven voor hart-en vaatziekten ruim 10 miljard euro. Volksgezondheidenzorg.info"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B78","volume-title":"Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in Armenia. The case for investment","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B79","volume-title":"Healthcare expenditure statistics","author":"Eurostat","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109975","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109975","article-title":"Activity-based funding of hospitals and its impact on mortality, readmission, discharge destination, severity of illness, and volume of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Palmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13861-5","article-title":"Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis","volume":"362","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/QMH.0b013e3181ccbcc3","article-title":"The evolution of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs): from its beginnings in case-mix and resource use theory, to its implementation for payment and now for its current utilization for quality within and outside the hospital","volume":"19","author":"Goldfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Manag Health Care"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B83","volume-title":"Impact of DRGs: introducing a DRG reimbursement system : a literature review","author":"Brugger","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3047","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3047","article-title":"Has payment by results affected the way that English hospitals provide care? Difference-in-differences analysis","volume":"339","author":"Farrar","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f3197","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3197","article-title":"Diagnosis related groups in Europe: moving towards transparency, efficiency, and quality in hospitals?","volume":"346","author":"Busse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133110000058","article-title":"The experience of implementing choice at point of referral: a comparison of the Netherlands and England","volume":"5","author":"Dixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w14080","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14080","article-title":"Impact of the DRG-based reimbursement system on patient care and professional practise: perspectives of Swiss hospital physicians","volume":"145","author":"F\u00e4ssler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-017-1317-3","article-title":"Hospital efficiency under global budgeting: evidence from Taiwan","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Empir Econ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B89","volume-title":"Funding health care: options for Europe","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B90","volume-title":"Financing health care in the European Union","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B91","volume-title":"Country health profiles","author":"OECD","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B92","volume-title":"Projections of cardiovascular disease prevalence and costs: 2015\u20132035","author":"Khavjou"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458","article-title":"Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease","volume":"121","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B94","first-page":"550","article-title":"Environmental stressors and cardio-metabolic disease: part I-epidemiologic evidence supporting a role for noise and air pollution and effects of mitigation strategies","volume":"38","author":"M\u00fcnzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case\u2013control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004042","article-title":"Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study","volume":"129","author":"Moran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcz038","article-title":"Temporal trends of cardiovascular health factors among 366\u2009270 French adults","volume":"6","author":"Gaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy378","article-title":"Epidemiology report: trends in sex-specific cerebrovascular disease mortality in Europe based on WHO mortality data","volume":"40","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031855","article-title":"Quantifying importance of major risk factors for coronary heart disease","volume":"139","author":"Pencina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118498.35499.B2","article-title":"Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000","volume":"109","author":"Unal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000243586.99701.cf","article-title":"Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease","volume":"99","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B102","volume-title":"Environmental noise in Europe \u2013 2020. EEA Report No 22\/2019","author":"European Environment Agency"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.005","article-title":"Impact of migration on coronary heart disease risk factors: comparison of Gujaratis in Britain and their contemporaries in villages of origin in India","volume":"185","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940701256875","article-title":"Migration and coronary heart disease: a study of Finnish twins living in Sweden and their co-twins residing in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Hedlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B105","volume-title":"Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.008","article-title":"Outlook for clean air in the context of sustainable development goals","volume":"53","author":"Rafaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Environ Change"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B107","volume-title":"Environment: air quality standards","author":"European Commission"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000076","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts","volume":"25","author":"Beelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project","volume":"383","author":"Beelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e8446","article-title":"Evaluation of interventions to reduce air pollution from biomass smoke on mortality in Launceston, Australia: retrospective analysis of daily mortality, 1994\u20132007","volume":"346","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009096","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the progression of atherosclerosis in adults","volume":"5","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9587","article-title":"A case\u2013control analysis of exposure to traffic and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"115","author":"Tonne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011489","article-title":"Roadway proximity and risk of sudden cardiac death in women","volume":"130","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz135","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions","volume":"40","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B115","volume-title":"Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development","author":"United Nations","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B116","author":"World Health Organization: Ambient (outdoor) air pollution","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B117","volume-title":"European Parliament Environment policy: general principles and basic framework","author":"Fact Sheets on the European Union"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht489","article-title":"Short-term effects of air pollution on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Stockholm","volume":"35","author":"Raza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008006","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008006","article-title":"Impact of obesity and ozone on the association between particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality among US adults","volume":"7","author":"Mazidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009493","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009493","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient ozone and mortality: a quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from cohort studies","volume":"6","author":"Atkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B121","volume-title":"Noise pollution is a major problem, both for human health and the environment","author":"European Environment Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B122","volume-title":"Environmental noise","author":"European Environment Agency","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu030","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise exposure","volume":"35","author":"M\u00fcnzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.015","article-title":"Environmental noise and the cardiovascular system","volume":"71","author":"M\u00fcnzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.127847","article-title":"Updated exposure\u2013response relationship between road traffic noise and coronary heart diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Babisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.02.023","article-title":"The relationship between transportation noise exposure and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Vienneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab121","article-title":"Road traffic noise and cardiovascular disease risk factors in UK Biobank","volume":"42","author":"Kupcikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.016","article-title":"Valuing quiet: an economic assessment of US environmental noise as a cardiovascular health hazard","volume":"49","author":"Swinburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450205","article-title":"Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"345","author":"Roux","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.10.002","article-title":"Inequities in CHD incidence and case fatality by neighborhood deprivation","volume":"32","author":"Winkleby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh096","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic environment and incidence of coronary heart disease: a follow-up study of 25,319 women and men in Sweden","volume":"159","author":"Sundquist","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104671","article-title":"Socioeconomic deprivation and the incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases in 1.9 million women and men: implications for risk prediction and prevention","volume":"9","author":"Pujades-Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","article-title":"European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)","volume":"37","author":"Piepoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007063430103","article-title":"Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle","volume":"343","author":"Stampfer","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.19.2122","article-title":"Combined effect of low-risk dietary and lifestyle behaviors in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in women","volume":"167","author":"Akesson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5855","article-title":"Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports","volume":"360","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38146.427188.55","article-title":"Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with cotinine measurement","volume":"329","author":"Whincup","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9785-z","article-title":"Active and passive smoking and the risk of myocardial infarction in 24,968 men and women during 11 year of follow-up: the Troms\u00f8 Study","volume":"28","author":"Iversen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10298","article-title":"Association of smoking cessation with subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"322","author":"Duncan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312460517","article-title":"Smoking cessation interventions following acute coronary syndrome: a missed opportunity?","volume":"21","author":"Boggon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-016-0505-6","article-title":"E-cigarettes and cardiovascular disease risk: evaluation of evidence, policy implications, and recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.25019","article-title":"Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"325","author":"Krist","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.23541","article-title":"Interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force","volume":"325","author":"Patnode","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1488","article-title":"Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Soneji","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B145","author":"European Commission: Eurostat"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2041-6","article-title":"Overview of systematic reviews on the health-related effects of government tobacco control policies","volume":"15","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13341","article-title":"Governmental standard drink definitions and low-risk alcohol consumption guidelines in 37 countries","volume":"111","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j909","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j909","article-title":"Association between clinically recorded alcohol consumption and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study using linked health records","volume":"356","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30134-X","article-title":"Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599\u2005912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies","volume":"391","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30545-2","article-title":"Thresholds for safer alcohol use might need lowering","volume":"391","author":"Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130293","article-title":"Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Stahre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B152","volume-title":"Alcohol use","author":"World Health Organization \u2013 Regional Office for Europe"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B153","volume-title":"Physical activity","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4307-9_1","article-title":"Physical inactivity and the economic and health burdens due to cardiovascular disease: exercise as medicine","volume":"999","author":"Hamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9020391","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease\u2014a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098540","article-title":"Do highly physically active workers die early? A systematic review with meta-analysis of data from 193\u2005696 participants","volume":"52","author":"Coenen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa051","article-title":"Does objectively-measured light-intensity physical activity reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality? A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31634-3","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130\u2005000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study","volume":"390","author":"Lear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B160","volume-title":"Physical activity policy","author":"World Health Organization \u2013 Regional Office for Europe"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B161","first-page":"qcaa076","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors, 1990\u20132017: results from the global Burden of Disease Study 2017","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0473-x","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality attributable to dietary risk factors in 51 countries in the WHO European Region from 1990 to 2016: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"34","author":"Meier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.085","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease prevention by diet modification: JACC health promotion series","volume":"72","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h3978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3978","article-title":"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acid and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"351","author":"de Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4141","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4141","article-title":"Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study","volume":"371","author":"Al-Shaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27124","article-title":"Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies","volume":"89","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972166","article-title":"Consumption of added sugars and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk among US adolescents","volume":"123","author":"Welsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13563","article-title":"Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6644.319","article-title":"Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion","volume":"297","author":"Intersalt Cooperative Research Group","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000368508","article-title":"High salt intake increases blood pressure in normal rats: putative role of 20-HETE and no evidence on changes in renal vascular reactivity","volume":"40","author":"Walkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003733","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003733","article-title":"Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24\u2005h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide","volume":"3","author":"Powles","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m315","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m315","article-title":"Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"368","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130247","article-title":"Salt reduction initiatives around the world\u2014a systematic review of progress towards the global target","volume":"10","author":"Trieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B175","volume-title":"Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw319","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality\u2014a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"46","author":"Aune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32253-5","article-title":"Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake, and cardiovascular disease and deaths in 18 countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies of US men and women and a meta-analysis of 26 cohort studies","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61752-3","article-title":"The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective","volume":"383","author":"Mahmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031855","article-title":"Quantifying importance of major risk factors for coronary heart disease","volume":"139","author":"Pencina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320908698","article-title":"Primary prevention efforts are poorly developed in people at high cardiovascular risk: a report from the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme EUROASPIRE V survey in 16 European countries","volume":"28","author":"Kotseva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70102-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment","volume":"2","author":"Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8","article-title":"Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies","volume":"360","author":"Lewington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00805-3","article-title":"Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"387","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31919-5","article-title":"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants","volume":"389","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.09.017","article-title":"Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on the risk of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"60","author":"Ference","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.07.059","article-title":"Time course of LDL cholesterol exposure and cardiovascular disease event risk","volume":"76","author":"Domanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu058","article-title":"Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands: prevalence, genotype\u2013phenotype relationship, and clinical outcome","volume":"36","author":"Sjouke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60367-5","article-title":"The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials","volume":"380","author":"Cholesterol Treatment Trialists\u2019 Collaboration","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61368-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174\u2005000 participants in 27 randomised trials","volume":"385","author":"Cholesterol Treatment Trialists\u2019 (CCT) Collaboration","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13985","article-title":"Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"316","author":"Silverman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B192","author":"World Health Organization","journal-title":"Global Health Observatory (GHO) data"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz143","article-title":"Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over? Evidence from national vital statistics","volume":"48","author":"Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X","article-title":"Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants","volume":"387","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.199","article-title":"Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications","volume":"9","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30175-1","article-title":"Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents","volume":"388","author":"Global BMI Mortality Collaboration","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity.","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa069","article-title":"Effect of bariatric surgery on long-term cardiovascular outcomes: a nationwide nested cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Moussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B199","author":"World Health Organization","journal-title":"Data and statistics. The challenge of diabetes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12238","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes: the slow-motion disaster","volume":"95","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_494","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: new insights and opportunities for cardiovascular protection","volume":"1307","author":"Bertoccini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-017-0202-6","article-title":"The role of bariatric surgery to treat diabetes: current challenges and perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Koliaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12002","article-title":"Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n254","article-title":"Changes in soft drinks purchased by British households associated with the UK soft drinks industry levy: controlled interrupted time series analysis","volume":"372","author":"Pell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B206","volume-title":"Tackling NCDs: \u2018best buys\u2019 and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B207","article-title":"Sex differences in prevalence, treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in England","author":"Pinho-Gomes","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31460-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31891-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31470-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31257-7","article-title":"Another blow to credibility in published data sources \u2013 author's reply","volume":"394","author":"Dicker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31251-6","article-title":"Another blow to credibility in published data sources","volume":"394","author":"Rigby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B213","volume-title":"Cardiovascular diseases\u2014Level 2 cause","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation."},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B214","volume-title":"Cardiovascular diseases","author":"World Health Organization Europe"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B215","volume-title":"Ischemic heart disease\u2014Level 3 cause","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B216","first-page":"836","article-title":"Ischaemic heart disease in Africa","volume-title":"Heart","author":"Mensah","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B217","volume-title":"Ischemic stroke\u2014Level 4 cause","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B218","volume-title":"European Heart Network (EHN): European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029606","article-title":"Burden of stroke in Europe: thirty-year projections of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years","volume":"51","author":"Wafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987318808719","article-title":"Action plan for stroke in Europe 2018\u20132030","volume":"3","author":"Norrving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B221","volume-title":"Peripheral artery disease\u2014Level 3 cause","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcz037","article-title":"Cardiovascular long-term outcome and prophylactic treatment patterns in peripheral arterial disease in a population-based cohort","volume":"5","author":"Sartipy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"issue":"Suppl S","key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037","article-title":"Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II)","volume":"45","author":"Norgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B224","volume-title":"Atrial fibrillation and flutter\u2014Level 3 cause","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa061","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, mortality, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation, 1990\u20132017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.057","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Thrall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4482","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4482","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"354","author":"Odutayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.118","article-title":"Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B229","first-page":"qcaa093","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation in the United Kingdom: predicting costs of an emerging epidemic recognising and forecasting the cost drivers of atrial fibrillation-related costs","author":"Burdett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B230","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","journal-title":"Rheumatic heart disease\u2014Level 3 cause"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53540-4","article-title":"Prevalence and progression of rheumatic heart disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based echocardiographic studies","volume":"9","author":"Noubiap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.34","article-title":"Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease","volume":"10","author":"Remenyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B233","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","journal-title":"Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease\u2014Level 4 cause"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.015","article-title":"Aortic stenosis in the elderly: disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study","volume":"62","author":"Osnabrugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.053","article-title":"The prevalence of aortic stenosis in the elderly in Iceland and predictions for the coming decades: the AGES-Reykjav\u00edk study","volume":"176","author":"Danielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B236","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","journal-title":"Measuring what matters: degenerative mitral valve disease"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310894","article-title":"Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study","volume":"103","author":"Andell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00201-X","article-title":"A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: the Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease","volume":"24","author":"Iung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jey011","article-title":"Overview of mitral regurgitation in Europe: results from the European Registry of mitral regurgitation (EuMiClip)","volume":"19","author":"Monteagudo Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004984","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004984","article-title":"Prognostic impact of moderate or severe mitral regurgitation (MR) irrespective of concomitant comorbidities: a retrospective matched cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.4.885","article-title":"Prognosis and quality of life after valve surgery in patients older than 75 years","volume":"112","author":"Shapira","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.08.853","article-title":"Quality of life following percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip System","volume":"155","author":"Ussia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.067","article-title":"Acute and 12-month results with catheter-based mitral valve leaflet repair: the EVEREST II (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair) High Risk Study","volume":"59","author":"Whitlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.007","article-title":"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe","volume":"161","author":"Gr\u00e4sner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.02.044","article-title":"Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest across the World: first report from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR)","volume":"152","author":"Kiguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.08.006","article-title":"Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies","volume":"81","author":"Berdowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30472-0","article-title":"Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: current concepts","volume":"391","author":"Myat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.06.019","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation in King County, Washington: a 30-year perspective","volume":"79","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023053","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation","volume":"348","author":"Bunch","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.4.356","article-title":"Circumstances and causes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in sudden death survivors","volume":"79","author":"de Vreede-Swagemakers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.12.042","article-title":"Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe \u2013 results of the EuReCa TWO study","volume":"148","author":"Gr\u00e4sner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa068","article-title":"Temporal trends and socioeconomic differences in the incidence of left-sided valvular heart disease in Denmark","volume":"7","author":"von Kappelgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy411","article-title":"A 10 year study of hospitalized atrial fibrillation-related stroke in England and its association with uptake of oral anticoagulation","volume":"39","author":"Cowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B254","first-page":"247","article-title":"Mortality statistics: a tool to enhance understanding and improve quality","volume":"18","author":"Abouzahr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pac Health Dialog"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.068809","article-title":". Availability and quality of cause-of-death data for estimating the global burden of injuries","volume":"88","author":"Bhalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B256","author":"Mathers"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht159","article-title":"Trends in age-specific coronary heart disease mortality in the European Union over three decades: 1980\u20132009","volume":"34","author":"Nichols","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy378","article-title":"Epidemiology report: trends in sex-specific cerebrovascular disease mortality in Europe based on WHO mortality data","volume":"40","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw334","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016","volume":"37","author":"Townsend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00335","article-title":"Age-related diseases and clinical and public health implications for the 85 years old and over population","volume":"5","author":"Jaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1288","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30411-X","article-title":"Effect on longevity of one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030: a global analysis of the Sustainable Development Goal health target","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309573","article-title":"Trends in the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK","volume":"102","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B263","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCD Global Monitoring Framework Ensuring progress on noncommunicable diseases in countries"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199007000-00012","article-title":"Years of potential life lost (YPLL) \u2013 what does it measure?","volume":"1","author":"Gardner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B265","volume-title":"Epidemiology for the Uninitiated","author":"Coggan","year":"2009","edition":"5th edn"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-019-0187-7","article-title":"Examining trends in cardiovascular disease mortality across Europe: how does the introduction of a new European Standard Population affect the description of the relative burden of cardiovascular disease?","volume":"17","author":"Tadayon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B267","volume-title":"Revision of the European Standard Population Report of Eurostat\u2019s task force, 2013 edition. 2013. Eurostat Methodologies and Working papers","author":"Pace"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in women: clinical perspectives","volume":"118","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302300","article-title":"Contributions of treatment and lifestyle to declining CVD mortality: why have CVD mortality rates declined so much since the 1960s?","volume":"99","author":"O'Flaherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0413-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Nishiga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B271","author":"Worldwide spending on healthcare","journal-title":"Emergo by UL"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcz022","article-title":"It's not ageing, stupid: why population ageing won't bankrupt health systems","volume":"5","author":"Jayawardana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B273","first-page":"qcab038","article-title":"Association of admitting physician specialty and care quality and outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): insights from a national registry","author":"Moledina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B274","volume-title":"Chronic heart failure in adults. Quality standard [QS9]. Issued: 29 June 2011","author":"NICE quality standard 9"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B275","first-page":"34","article-title":"Quality indicators for acute myocardial infarction: a position paper of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association","volume":"6","author":"Schiele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx008","article-title":"Performance of hospitals according to the ESC ACCA quality indicators and 30-day mortality for acute myocardial infarction: national cohort study using the United Kingdom Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) register","volume":"38","author":"Bebb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.047340","article-title":"Women in UK cardiology: report of a Working Group of the British Cardiac Society","volume":"91","author":"Timmis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317837","article-title":"Sexism experienced by consultant cardiologists in the United Kingdom","volume":"107","author":"Jaijee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcv027","article-title":"How should CT coronary angiography be integrated into the management of patients with chest pain and how does this affect outcomes?","volume":"2","author":"Doris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907272","article-title":"Low diagnostic yield of elective coronary angiography","volume":"362","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070829","article-title":"Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease","volume":"356","author":"Boden","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12113-7","article-title":"Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials","volume":"361","author":"Keeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.06.004","article-title":"Long-term quality of life improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"162","author":"Georgiadou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008232","article-title":"Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery","volume":"363","author":"Leon","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91963-1","article-title":"Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration","volume":"344","author":"Yusuf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602001","article-title":"Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"374","author":"Velazquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211585","article-title":"Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes","volume":"367","author":"Farkouh","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70089-5","article-title":"Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"1","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2014.08.003","article-title":"The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-first official adult heart transplant report \u2013 2014; focus theme: retransplantation","volume":"33","author":"Lund","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5595","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5595","article-title":"Prognosis research strategy (PROGRESS) 1: a framework for researching clinical outcomes","volume":"346","author":"Hemingway","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.10.039","article-title":"Regional variation in cardiac catheterization appropriateness and baseline risk after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"51","author":"Ko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.038","article-title":"ACC\/AATS\/AHA\/ASE\/ASNC\/HRS\/SCAI\/SCCT\/SCMR\/STS 2019 appropriate use criteria for multimodality imaging in the assessment of cardiac structure and function in nonvalvular heart disease: a Report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons","volume":"73","author":"Doherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.001","article-title":"ACC\/AATS\/AHA\/ASE\/ASNC\/SCAI\/SCCT\/STS 2017 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons","volume":"69","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9841-9","article-title":"ACCF\/AHA\/ASE\/ASNC\/HFSA\/HRS\/SCAI\/SCCT\/SCMR\/STS 2013 multimodality appropriate use criteria for the detection and risk assessment of stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Multimodality Writing Group for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease","volume":"21","author":"Wolk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B295","author":"European Network For Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00243-9","article-title":"The inverse care law re-examined: a global perspective","volume":"397","author":"Cookson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d8059","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d8059","article-title":"Determinants of the decline in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in England between 2002 and 2010: linked national database study","volume":"344","author":"Smolina","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B298","volume-title":"Noncommunicable diseases: key facts","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B299","volume-title":"Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013\u20132020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5469","article-title":"The leading causes of death in the US for 2020","volume":"325","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000652","article-title":"Call to action: urgent challenges in cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American heart association","volume":"139","author":"McClellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B303","volume-title":"Health at a glance: Europe 2020: state of health in the EU cycle, trends in life expectancy","author":"OECD\/European Union"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011195","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011195","article-title":"Will teens go red? Low cardiovascular disease awareness among young women","volume":"8","author":"Gooding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000907","article-title":"Ten-year differences in women's awareness related to coronary heart disease: results of the 2019 American Heart Association National Survey: a Special Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Cushman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B306","author":"Heron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deaths: leading causes for 2017. National Vitals Statistics Report, Vol. 68, No 6"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006648","article-title":"UK research spend in 2008 and 2012: comparing stroke, cancer, coronary heart disease and dementia","volume":"5","author":"Luengo-Fernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1240-4","article-title":"Public funding for medical research in relation to the burden of disease caused by cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in Germany","volume":"107","author":"Krone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz175","article-title":"The cardiovascular research community calls for action to address the growing burden of cardiovascular disease","volume":"115","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.8588","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical benefit of cancer drugs submitted for reimbursement recommendation decisions in Canada","volume":"181","author":"Meyers","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.8441","article-title":"Assessment of coverage in England of cancer drugs qualifying for US food and drug administration accelerated approval","volume":"181","author":"Cherla","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080909471497900_ehab892-B312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv275","article-title":"Barriers to cardiovascular device innovation in Europe","volume":"37","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/43\/8\/716\/46630307\/ehab892.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/43\/8\/716\/46630307\/ehab892.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T13:48:44Z","timestamp":1786283324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article\/43\/8\/716\/6472699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"references-count":312,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab892","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-668X","1522-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-668X","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-9645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]}}}