{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:36:47Z","timestamp":1792121807880,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004362","name":"Swiss Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL134892, 1R01HL163099-01, and 1R01HL163099-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL134892, 1R01HL163099-01, and 1R01HL163099-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18CSA34080399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18CSA34080399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RRM Charitable"},{"name":"Simard Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006544","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both experimental and clinical findings linking vitamin D to cardiovascular (CV) risk have prompted consideration of its supplementation to improve overall health. Yet several meta-analyses do not provide support for the clinical effectiveness of this strategy. Meanwhile, the understanding of the roles of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of CV diseases has evolved. Specifically, recent work has revealed some non-classical pleiotropic effects of vitamin D, increasing the complexity of vitamin D signalling. Within particular microenvironments (e.g. dysfunctional adipose tissue and atherosclerotic plaque), vitamin D can act locally at cellular level through intracrine\/autocrine\/paracrine feedforward and feedback circuits. Within atherosclerotic tissues, \u2018local\u2019 vitamin D levels may influence relevant systemic consequences independently of its circulating pool. Moreover, vitamin D links closely to other signalling pathways of CV relevance including those driving cellular senescence, ageing, and age-related diseases\u2014among them CV conditions. This review updates knowledge on vitamin D biology aiming to clarify the widening gap between experimental and clinical evidence. It highlights the potential reverse causation confounding correlation between vitamin D status and CV health, and the need to consider novel pathophysiological concepts in the design of future clinical trials that explore the effects of vitamin D on atherosclerosis and risk of CV events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T17:29:52Z","timestamp":1678123792000},"page":"2078-2094","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Vitamin D in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa , 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa\u2014Italian Cardiovascular Network , Genoa ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Liberale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa , 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa\u2014Italian Cardiovascular Network , Genoa ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1502-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Libby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 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