{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:17:48Z","timestamp":1786360668781,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the present clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases is to review the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and outcomes of myocardial and pericardial complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccination in order to improve the awareness and clinical confidence on the management of patients with these complications. The risk of myopericardial complications is especially higher within 1 month of COVID-19 disease and vaccination. Forms related to the disease are generally more common and severe than those related to vaccination. Even if vaccination against COVID-19 increases myocarditis risk, this risk is lower in vaccinated than non-vaccinated COVID-19 individuals, supporting the vaccine use. Overall, COVID-19 related complications, especially myocarditis, are relatively rare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T08:09:20Z","timestamp":1747382960000},"page":"3328-3338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Myopericardial complications following COVID-19 disease and vaccination: a clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Imazio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine , Udine ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, ASUFC, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 \u00a0 Udine ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua , Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Brucato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Klingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Kuchynka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Lazaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CardioThoracoVascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina , Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"University of Trieste (Italy), member of ERN-Guard Heart, Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Sinagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CardioThoracoVascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina , Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"University of Trieste (Italy), member of ERN-Guard Heart, Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bucciarelli Ducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMR Services, Brompton Royal Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, University of Siena , Siena ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9693-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Castelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Cardiology, San Luca Hospital, Cardiomyopathy Unit, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alida Linda","family":"Caforio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Dept of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, *member of ERN Guard-Heart, Padova ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8739-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Crotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Cardiology, San Luca Hospital, Cardiomyopathy Unit, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Frustaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Lab, IRCCS L. Spallanzani , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9240-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases, Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kuusisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Research, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Lopez Sainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Marcolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Dept of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, *member of ERN Guard-Heart, Padova ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos G","family":"Rigopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Cardiology, Mitera Hospital, Hygeia Group , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsen","family":"Ristic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia and Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Seferovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine and Heart Failure Center, Belgrade University Medical Center , Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Cardiovascular and Genetics Research Institute, City St Georges University of London, London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Tsch\u00f6pe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medicine (CVK), German Heart Center at Charite (DHZC) , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charite and Berlin-Berlin Brandenburger Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Herzkreislaufforschung (DZHC), Partner Side Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"L\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital and Cardiovascular Academic Group, King's College and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Center for Molecualr Cardiology, University of Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317186","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and troponin: indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis?","volume":"106","author":"Imazio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2669","article-title":"Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccine: incidence, presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, therapy, and outcomes put into perspective. A clinical consensus document supported by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Heidecker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001536","article-title":"Risk of incident pericarditis after coronavirus disease 2019 recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zuin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.06.002","article-title":"Incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis considered as separate clinical events over the years and post-SARS-CoV2 vaccination in adults and children","volume":"115","author":"Conte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28646","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28646","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of myocarditis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Keller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21879","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.21879","article-title":"COVID-19 infection and incidence of myocarditis: a multi-site population-based propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"14","author":"Priyadarshni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.08.008","article-title":"Longitudinal correlation of biomarkers of cardiac injury, inflammation, and coagulation to outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.2099","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 acute myocarditis and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adult intensive and cardiac care units","volume":"159","author":"H\u00e9kimian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00085-0","article-title":"Delayed-onset myocarditis following COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Bajaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050166","article-title":"Striking similarities of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and a myocarditis-like syndrome in adults: overlapping manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"143","author":"Most","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.12.003","article-title":"One-year risk of myocarditis after COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Zuin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110475","article-title":"Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a nationwide setting","volume":"385","author":"Barda","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13679","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13679","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical outcomes of myocarditis and pericarditis in 718,365 COVID-19 patients","volume":"51","author":"Buckley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135","article-title":"Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines","volume":"144","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109730","article-title":"Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 in Israel","volume":"385","author":"Mevorach","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110737","article-title":"Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in a large health care organization","volume":"385","author":"Witberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01630-0","article-title":"Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"28","author":"Patone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2218505","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18505","article-title":"Epidemiology of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA vaccination by vaccine product, schedule, and interdose interval among adolescents and adults in Ontario, Canada","volume":"5","author":"Buchan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.0583","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis in a Nordic cohort study of 23 million residents","volume":"7","author":"Karlstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e065687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065687","article-title":"Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis in mRNA COVID-19-vaccinated and unvaccinated populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Alami","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038043","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1038043","article-title":"Myocarditis and pericarditis associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a population-based descriptive cohort and a nested self-controlled risk interval study using electronic health care data from four European countries","volume":"13","author":"Bots","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001330","article-title":"Incidence of acute myocarditis and pericarditis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: comparison with the prepandemic period","volume":"23","author":"Aquaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121742","article-title":"Uneventful COVID-19 infection and vaccination in a cohort of patients with prior myocarditis","volume":"11","author":"Baritussio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.04.012","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of in-hospital mortality, cardiogenic shock, and utilization of mechanical circulatory support devices in myocarditis (analysis of national inpatient sample data, 2005\u20132014)","volume":"25","author":"Pahuja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321876","article-title":"Cell-specific mechanisms in the heart of COVID-19 patients","volume":"132","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-021-01519-x","article-title":"Pericardial diseases in COVID19: a contemporary review","volume":"23","author":"Furqan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa664","article-title":"Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study","volume":"41","author":"Basso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1539-8664","article-title":"COVID-19 and myocarditis: findings from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and endomyocardial biopsies","volume":"41","author":"Greulich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042220-023859","article-title":"Clinically suspected and biopsy-proven myocarditis temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"73","author":"Caforio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.5133","article-title":"Association of complement and MAPK activation with SARS-CoV-2-associated myocardial inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Weckbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-022-09860-7","article-title":"Inflammation and vascular remodeling in COVID-19 hearts","volume":"26","author":"Werlein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091880","article-title":"Myocardial damage by SARS-CoV-2: emerging mechanisms and therapies","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2022.09.001","article-title":"Human cardiac pericytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"8","author":"Brumback","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa267","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects and induces cytotoxic effects in human cardiomyocytes","volume":"116","author":"Bojkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab269","article-title":"Lethal enterovirus myocarditis in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis following rituximab and high-dose steroid therapy","volume":"42","author":"Klingel","year":"2021  21","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02534-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular disturbances in COVID-19: an updated review of the pathophysiology and clinical evidence of cardiovascular damage induced by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Lawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1038-6","article-title":"A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20201707","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201707","article-title":"Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients","volume":"218","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00536-9","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154633","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.154633","article-title":"Clinico-histopathologic and single-nuclei RNA-sequencing insights into cardiac injury and microthrombi in critical COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Brener","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-089","article-title":"An updated analysis on myocarditis and pericarditis cases reported following mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Singapore","author":"Tham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004245","article-title":"Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster and after COVID-19 in those with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: a self-controlled case series analysis in England","volume":"20","author":"Stowe","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2024.07.025","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-related myocarditis and pericarditis: an analysis of the Japanese adverse drug event report database","volume":"31","author":"Takada","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7018e1","article-title":"IVY network; HAIVEN investigators. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines against COVID-19 among hospitalized adults aged \u226565 years\u2014United States, January-March 2021","volume":"70","author":"Tenforde","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00059-5","article-title":"Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00662-w","article-title":"Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: clinical observations and potential mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Heymans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2205667","article-title":"IL-1RA Antibodies in myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"387","author":"Thurner","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061025","article-title":"Circulating spike protein detected in post-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine myocarditis","volume":"147","author":"Yonker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108480","article-title":"Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases","volume":"217","author":"Vojdani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103807","article-title":"Lack of evidence of significant homology of SARS-CoV-2 spike sequences to myocarditis-associated antigens","volume":"75","author":"Marrama","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101152","article-title":"CYP19A1 mediates severe SARS-CoV-2 disease outcome in males","volume":"4","author":"Stanelle-Bertram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2496","article-title":"Predictors of relapse, death or heart transplantation in myocarditis before the introduction of immunosuppression: negative prognostic impact of female gender, fulminant onset, lower ejection fraction and serum autoantibodies","volume":"24","author":"Baritussio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01710-8","article-title":"Acute pericarditis: update","volume":"24","author":"Lazarou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv318","article-title":"2015 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: the task force for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery (EACTS)","volume":"36","author":"Adler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321878","article-title":"COVID-19, myocarditis and pericarditis","volume":"132","author":"Fairweather","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17925\/HI.2022.16.1.20","article-title":"COVID-19 and myocarditis: review of clinical presentations, pathogenesis and management","volume":"16","author":"Lovell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Int"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.10.023","article-title":"High prevalence of pericardial involvement in college student athletes recovering from COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Brito","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00933-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for evaluation of cardiac involvement in COVID-19: recommendations by the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.10.021","article-title":"Myocardial injury on CMR in patients with COVID-19 and suspected cardiac involvement","volume":"16","author":"Vidula","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056817","article-title":"Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of COVID-19-associated acute myocarditis","volume":"145","author":"Ammirati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001365","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination-related pericarditis: a single tertiary-center experience","volume":"23","author":"Collini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.078","article-title":"A case series of acute pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination in the context of recent reports from Europe and the United States","volume":"39","author":"Lazaros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ytac012","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytac012","article-title":"Effusive-constrictive pericarditis after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty): a case report","volume":"6","author":"Viani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa178","article-title":"Global evaluation of echocardiography in patients with COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Dweck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105898","article-title":"COVID-19 Myocarditis: prognostic role of bedside speckle-tracking echocardiography and association with total scar burden","volume":"19","author":"D'Andrea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2833","article-title":"Myocarditis following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in members of the US military","volume":"6","author":"Montgomery","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055913","article-title":"Myocarditis after BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccination","volume":"144","author":"Larson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06685-2","article-title":"Echocardiography findings in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units: a multi-national observational study (the ECHO-COVID study)","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12873","article-title":"Swollen heart in COVID-19 patients who progress to critical illness: a perspective from echo-cardiologists","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024363","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024363","article-title":"Pericardial involvement in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: prevalence, associates, and clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"Ghantous","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060632","article-title":"Myocardial involvement after hospitalization for COVID-19 complicated by troponin elevation: a prospective, multicenter, observational study","volume":"147","author":"Artico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916922","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.916922","article-title":"Different impacts on the heart after COVID-19 infection and vaccination: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"9","author":"Gr\u00f6schel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.021","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for patients with COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab075","article-title":"Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"42","author":"Kotecha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064772","article-title":"Cardiovascular assessment up to one year after COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis","volume":"148","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2311355","article-title":"CMR findings in COVID-19 recovered patients: a review on parametric mapping, feature-tracking, and LGE","volume":"23","author":"Mojica-Pisciotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204677","article-title":"More than 50% of persistent myocardial scarring at one year in \u201cinfarct-like\u201d acute myocarditis evaluated by CMR","volume":"10","author":"Pommier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2190","article-title":"Heart Failure Association of the ESC, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society Position statement on endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"23","author":"Seferovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2114478","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"387","author":"Basso","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13791","article-title":"Myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: call for endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"9","author":"Kiblboeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.46","article-title":"Adverse events following smallpox vaccination with ACAM2000 in a military population","volume":"146","author":"Beachkofsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001059","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality","volume":"21","author":"Imazio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3538","article-title":"Association of troponin levels with mortality in Italian patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019: results of a multicenter study","volume":"5","author":"Lombardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13462","article-title":"The prognostic value of serial troponin measurements in patients admitted for COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.10.004","article-title":"Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 and its vaccines\u2014a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Rout","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951314","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.951314","article-title":"Myocarditis in SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Voleti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B89","author":"WHO recommendations on COVID vaccines"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa583","article-title":"Location matters: geographic disparities and impact of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"222","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016938","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16938","article-title":"Assessment of community-level disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections and deaths in large US metropolitan areas","volume":"3","author":"Adhikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148980","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148980","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Farshidfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.04.024","article-title":"Temporal relationship of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: a pragmatic approach","volume":"358","author":"Anastassopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2408466","article-title":"National academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine committee on examining the working definition for long COVID. Long COVID defined","volume":"391","author":"Ely","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080910071619600_ehaf222-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e736","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00731-X","article-title":"Genotype to phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium; Ito J, Sato K. Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant","volume":"24","author":"Kaku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/46\/34\/3328\/63241557\/ehaf222.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/46\/34\/3328\/63241557\/ehaf222.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T14:07:24Z","timestamp":1786284444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article\/46\/34\/3328\/8138121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf222","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-668X","1522-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-668X","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-9645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]}}}