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Rising global temperatures pose a significant risk on cardiovascular health, disproportionately impacting the elderly and people with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, despite convincing epidemiological data demonstrating this increased cardiovascular risk, the physiological mechanisms that underpin this risk are less known. Exposure to elevated temperatures leads to increased inflammation, myocardial oxygen demand and dehydration, predisposing people to myocardial stress. Additionally, health and social inequities like low income, poor housing and limited access to cooling further exacerbate the health risks during heatwaves. This scientific statement provides a comprehensive discussion on the epidemiological evidence of heat-related CVD, the human physiological responses to hot environments, the impact of heat on cardiovascular health, and the relative impact of social inequalities. Finally, an agenda is provided that calls for research to understand and reduce the health risks associated with heatwaves for people with CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T19:51:27Z","timestamp":1746042687000},"page":"2950-2958","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Heat extremes and cardiovascular diseases: a scientific statement of the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing &amp; Allied Professions, Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care, European Association of Preventive Cardiology, Heart Failure Association, European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC, the ESC Council on Hypertension, the ESC Council on Stroke, and the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3603-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia K","family":"Chaseling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SOLVE-CHD NHMRC Synergy Grant, Sydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Western Ave, Camperdown, 2006 Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Heat and Health Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Western Ave, Camperdown, 2006 Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Uchmanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University , 51-618 Wroclaw ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"The Centre for Cardiovascular Health, School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, EH11 4DN Edinburgh ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6031-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"B\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Bl\u00e5 Str\u00e5ket 5, 413 45 Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University , 5810 83 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d2scar","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona , Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8144-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryia","family":"Tokmakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Plovdiv, Clinic of Cardiology, UMHAT \u2018Sv. 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