{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:29:19Z","timestamp":1792481359120,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>More than 64 million people worldwide have heart failure (HF), and these numbers are expected to rise. Acute HF (AHF) is the leading cause of hospitalization in patients over 65\u2005years old and is linked to high mortality and readmission rates. AHF may also be a frequent complication in patients hospitalized for other medical reasons as well as after cardiac or non-cardiac surgery. These three entities are summarized as secondary AHF. As secondary AHF has been largely overlooked by medical research and education, little is known about its pathophysiology, phenotypes, diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Secondary AHF occurring after non-cardiac surgery warrants particular attention due to its very high mortality rates of up to 44% within 1\u2005year and is therefore the focus of this review. The scope of this document is to summarize the available evidence regarding the pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of AHF after non-cardiac surgery. Key to prevention is understanding and addressing the pathophysiology of AHF after non-cardiac surgery, which involves close monitoring of fluid status to avoid volume overload and\/or hypovolemia, avoiding hypo- and\/or hypertension, treating pain and anaemia to prevent tachycardia, and avoiding electrolyte disturbances to prevent arrhythmias. Cardiac biomarkers, such as cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides, serve as important diagnostic tools and enhance risk stratification in the perioperative setting. A low threshold to perform echocardiography in this population is suggested. Vigilant post-operative care is essential for the early recognition and treatment of AHF after non-cardiac surgery, which could help improve outcomes for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:03:20Z","timestamp":1752746600000},"page":"4042-4059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Acute heart failure in non-cardiac surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle M","family":"Gualandro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 2, Basel CH-4056 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Masip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrun","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6425-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Heart, Lung and Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Rossell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-IDISBA, Universitat de les Illes Baleares (UIB) , Palma de Mallorca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3197-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Chioncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u2018Prof. C.C. Iliescu\u2019, University of Medicine Carol Davila , Bucharest ,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Frank","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d2scar","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mucio Tavares","family":"Oliveira Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mebazaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Unit, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, APHP H\u00f4pitaux Saint Louis & Lariboisi\u00e8re, Inserm 942 MASCOT , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Platz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Woman\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Offer","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem 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