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China, characterized by rapid ageing and escalating cardiovascular risks, provides a critical setting to model HF economic implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, China Cardiovascular Association Registry, and national insurance databases, HF macroeconomic burden (2025\u201335) was projected via a health-augmented macroeconomic model. Three interventions were evaluated: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) screening (adults \u226540 years), intensive blood pressure (BP) control (hypertensive patients), and guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) optimization for HF with reduced ejection fraction. Costs are reported in 2017 international dollars (INT$).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By 2035, HF cases in China will reach 22.7 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 9.5\u201336.9 million], with an age-standardized prevalence of 760.65\/100 000 (95% UI: 283.2\u20131340.8\/100 000). The cumulative economic burden (2025\u201335) is INT$1001.1 billion (95% UI: 733.4\u20131365.6 billion), representing 0.26% of gross domestic product (95% UI: 0.19%\u20130.34%), driven by labour force attrition (72.1%; 95% UI: 64.4%\u201374.8%). Interventions reduced the total burden by 12.5% (95% UI: 10.4%\u201314.5%): BNP screening (25% coverage) saved INT$78.5 billion (95% UI: 62.8\u201394.1 billion; 8.10% reduction; cost-benefit ratio 0.49), Intensive BP control saved INT$27.5 billion (95% UI: 25.1\u201329.9 billion; 2.74% reduction; ratio 0.22), GDMT optimization saved INT$17.0 billion (95% UI: 12.8\u201322.4 billion; 1.70% reduction; ratio 0.48).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HF imposes a substantial and increasing macroeconomic burden in China, largely through workforce productivity losses. Scalable, cost-effective strategies, including primary care-based BNP screening, subsidized hypertension control, and enhanced GDMT adherence, are essential to curb economic losses. These findings inform policy priorities for China and other LMICs confronting demographic transitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:57:38Z","timestamp":1763470658000},"page":"974-984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Heart failure in China: a macroeconomic modelling study of intervention strategies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 1 Da Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730 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