{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T12:12:29Z","timestamp":1793967149470,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Delirium is a common yet underrecognized neuropsychiatric syndrome in cardiovascular medicine associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased mortality, and long-term cognitive decline. Patients undergoing interventional or surgical cardiovascular procedures\u2014such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement, surgical aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary interventions\u2014may be particularly vulnerable to its development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Delirium incidence varies widely across cardiovascular procedures, influenced by patient characteristics, procedural invasiveness, and diagnostic methodology. Risk factors include advanced age, baseline cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular disease, extended operative times, perioperative complications, and systemic inflammation. Diagnostic tools such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) score are established but underutilized in the diagnosis of delirium. While preventive strategies emphasizing non-pharmacological, multicomponent approaches\u2014such as early mobilization, cognitive stimulation, and sleep hygiene\u2014are supported by strong evidence, preventive use of pharmacologic agents remains controversial. Pharmacologic treatment is reserved for select cases; dexmedetomidine shows benefits in intensive care unit settings, while antipsychotics like quetiapine and risperidone may be used cautiously. Overall, delirium poses a significant clinical challenge in cardiovascular medicine and requires a proactive, interdisciplinary approach. Systematic risk assessment and multimodal preventive strategies should be the standard of care, while pharmacologic treatment should be symptom- and context-specific. Further high-quality studies are needed to inform evidence-based guidelines tailored to cardiovascular populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The present state-of-the-art review summarizes the current literature on the epidemiology, mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of delirium in cardiovascular medicine. By integrating findings and interdisciplinary expert discussions from interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery, and psychiatry, it aims to define the unique vulnerability of this patient population, highlight critical knowledge gaps, and lay the foundation for developing targeted, evidence-based management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehag088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T10:15:15Z","timestamp":1769422515000},"page":"6103-6126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Delirium in cardiovascular medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Endrit","family":"Cekaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn , Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H V","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn , Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M","family":"Spieth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden , Dresden ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Schrage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6911-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Uribarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR) , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"De Roeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital , Edegem ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Riera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, SODIR Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo , Alessandria ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"Mangner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin und Kardiologie, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden , Dresden ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Tavazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences University of Pavia, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1461-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Verbelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Skurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charit\u00e8 (DHZC), Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-250X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine - CARID (Cardiovascular Research Institute D\u00fcsseldorf), Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf , Duesseldorf ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3206-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7542-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Bad Krozingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn , Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Sand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne , Cologne ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0060-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine - CARID (Cardiovascular Research Institute D\u00fcsseldorf), Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf , Duesseldorf ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Baldus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herzzentrum, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln , K\u00f6ln ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herzchirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3042-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Bakhtiary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart Surgery, University Clinics Bonn , Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Nickenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn , Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Combes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, UMRS_1166-ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris F-75013 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive-R\u00e9animation, Institut de Cardiologie, APHP Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology and Leipzig Heart Science, Heart Center Leipzig at Leipzig University , Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Philipsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn , Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3214-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"L\u00fcsebrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn , Bonn ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052321","article-title":"Delirium in older persons","volume":"354","author":"Inouye","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1013","article-title":"Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"304","author":"Witlox","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.12.074","article-title":"The impact of delirium after cardiac surgical procedures on postoperative resource use","volume":"101","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13524","article-title":"Delirium after transcatheter aortic valve implantation via the femoral or apical route","volume":"71","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2017.03.016","article-title":"Delirium following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: national inpatient sample analysis","volume":"31","author":"Soundhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.09.005","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways","volume":"21","author":"Maldonado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00073","article-title":"Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia","volume":"3:","author":"Cerejeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000329","article-title":"Decreased functional connectivity and disturbed directionality of information flow in the electroencephalography of intensive care unit patients with delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"121","author":"Van Dellen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2008.05523.x","article-title":"Delirium is associated with early postoperative cognitive dysfunction","volume":"63","author":"Rudolph","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S196973","article-title":"Diabetes and elevated preoperative HbA1c level as risk factors for postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: an observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Kotfis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2023.06.010","article-title":"Delirium in older adults after percutaneous coronary intervention: prevalence, risks, and clinical phenotypes","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Revasc Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-020-01374-5","article-title":"Early mobilisation after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results of the MobiTAVI trial","volume":"28","author":"Vendrik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neth Heart J"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.11.010","article-title":"Postoperative pain management strategies and delirium after transapical aortic valve replacement: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Strike","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024562","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024562","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for prevention and management of delirium in intensive care patients: a systematic overview of reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"9","author":"Barbateskovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Burry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0141-2","article-title":"The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: inclusiveness is safer","volume":"12","author":"European Delirium Association","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0294-6","article-title":"Delirium in the first days of acute stroke","volume":"251","author":"Caeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.643726","article-title":"Delirium in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft148","article-title":"New horizons in the pathogenesis, assessment and management of delirium","volume":"42","author":"Maclullich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.248","article-title":"Phenomenological subtypes of delirium in older persons: patterns, prevalence, and prognosis","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03752-w","article-title":"Phenotypes and subphenotypes of delirium: a review of current categorisations and suggestions for progression","volume":"25","author":"Bowman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951510000672","article-title":"Phenomenology of the subtypes of delirium: phenomenological differences between hyperactive and hypoactive delirium","volume":"9","author":"Boettger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.037","article-title":"Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome","volume":"127","author":"L\u00f6tvall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.d.18.00073.1","article-title":"Postoperative delirium","volume":"72","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201505-0963WS","article-title":"Future research directions in asthma. An NHLBI working group report","volume":"192","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R297","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10598","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with delirium in critically ill patients and their relation with long-term subjective cognitive dysfunction; indications for different pathways governing delirium in inflamed and noninflamed patients","volume":"15","author":"Boogaard M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R78","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10070","article-title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels at admission as predictors of duration of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients","volume":"15","author":"McGrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqaa242","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa242","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the brain after critical illness","volume":"162","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03200-1","article-title":"Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients","volume":"24","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H365","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00562.2015","article-title":"Aging is associated with changes to the biomechanical properties of the posterior cerebral artery and parenchymal arterioles","volume":"310","author":"Diaz-Otero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acc0","article-title":"The association between brain volumes, delirium duration, and cognitive outcomes in intensive care unit survivors: the VISIONS cohort magnetic resonance imaging study*","volume":"40","author":"Gunther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acdc","article-title":"The relationship between delirium duration, white matter integrity, and cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors as determined by diffusion tensor imaging: the VISIONS prospective cohort magnetic resonance imaging study*","volume":"40","author":"Morandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1159\/000440696","article-title":"Disturbed serotonergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress in elderly patients with delirium","volume":"5","author":"Egberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.7.764","article-title":"Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence","volume":"63","author":"Hshieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030833","article-title":"Molecular changes underlying reduced pineal melatonin levels in Alzheimer disease: alterations in preclinical and clinical stages","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-018-0388-z","article-title":"Delirium is associated with frequency band specific dysconnectivity in intrinsic connectivity networks: preliminary evidence from a large retrospective pilot case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.13079","article-title":"The impact of delirium on clinical and functional outcomes in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Dimitriadou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7398","article-title":"Delirium after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in aged individuals with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E893","DOI":"10.1532\/hsf.4049","article-title":"Effects of melatonin on postoperative delirium after PCI in elderly patients: a randomized, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: anti-delirium effects of melatonin","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Surg Forum"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1241-3","article-title":"Risk factors and outcome of postoperative delirium after transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"107","author":"Stachon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.09.047","article-title":"The use and outcomes of cerebral protection devices for patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement in clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Stachon","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01928-6","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes of self-expanding and balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valves in Germany","volume":"110","author":"Stachon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs680","article-title":"Transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation vs conventional aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients with previous cardiac surgery: a propensity-score analysis\u2020","volume":"44","author":"Wilbring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.02.076","article-title":"Geriatric assessment in the prediction of delirium and long-term survival after transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"161","author":"Wulp K","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17361","article-title":"Intraoperative hypotension and delirium among older adults undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"69","author":"Wesselink","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16087","article-title":"Delirium after transcatheter aortic valve implantation under general anesthesia: incidence, predictors, and relation to long-term survival","volume":"67","author":"Wulp K","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.12.051","article-title":"Six-minute walk test predicts postoperative delirium after transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"35","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15867","article-title":"Delirium incidence and functional outcomes after transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement","volume":"67","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-014-0254-2","article-title":"Postoperative delirium following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a historical cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Tse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Anesth Can Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9110365","article-title":"Stroke, seizures, hallucinations and postoperative delirium as neurological complications after cardiac surgery and percutaneous valve replacement","volume":"9","author":"Teller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190359","article-title":"Impact of delirium on postoperative frailty and long term cardiovascular events after cardiac surgery","volume":"12","author":"Ogawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezr031","article-title":"Preoperative and operative predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery in elderly patients","volume":"41","author":"Bakker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.09.131","article-title":"Midterm outcomes after postoperative delirium on cognition and mood in patients after cardiac surgery","volume":"155","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2018.04.005","article-title":"Delirium after cardiac surgery. Incidence, phenotypes, predisposing and precipitating risk factors, and effects","volume":"47","author":"Sanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2017.12.030","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients","volume":"32","author":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex053","article-title":"Association between delirium and cognitive change after cardiac surgery","volume":"119","author":"Sau\u00ebr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123837","article-title":"Elevated procalcitonin as a risk factor for postoperative delirium in the elderly after cardiac surgery\u2014a prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Kupiec","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa036","article-title":"Comparison of newer generation self-expandable vs. Balloon-expandable valves in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the randomized SOLVE-TAVI trial","volume":"41","author":"Thiele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2024.03.031","article-title":"Dementia is associated with worse procedural outcomes after mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair","volume":"66","author":"Elzeneini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Revasc Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01886-z","article-title":"Periinterventional inflammation and blood transfusions predict postprocedural delirium after percutaneous repair of mitral and tricuspid valves","volume":"110","author":"K\u00f6rber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.02.012","article-title":"Preoperative statin therapy is not associated with a decrease in the incidence of delirium after cardiac operations","volume":"93","author":"Mariscalco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/835850","article-title":"Complex assessment of the incidence and risk factors of delirium in a large cohort of cardiac surgery patients: a single-center 6-year experience","volume":"2013","author":"Krzych","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvab076","article-title":"Assessment of preoperative frailty and identification of patients at risk for postoperative delirium in cardiac intensive care units: a prospective observational study","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.10.118","article-title":"The impact of frailty on postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients","volume":"149","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950188","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.950188","article-title":"Early alteration of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets as a risk factor for delirium in critically ill patients after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530350034031","article-title":"Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability","volume":"275","author":"Inouye","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501","article-title":"Delirium in hospitalized older adults","volume":"377","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2273","article-title":"Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.08.037","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors for delirium after transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"122","author":"Tilley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.06.037","article-title":"Impact of aortic atherosclerosis burden on outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement","volume":"109","author":"Iribarne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-024-03156-1","article-title":"Risk factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-5160","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium after coronary artery bypass grafting in elderly patients","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1901109","article-title":"Procedural volume and outcomes for transcatheter aortic-valve replacement","volume":"380","author":"Vemulapalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2023.03.007","article-title":"General anesthesia versus local anesthesia in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106270","article-title":"Associations between stroke localization and delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rhee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV8I5A90","article-title":"Percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip\u00ae system under deep sedation and local anaesthesia","volume":"8","author":"Teufel","year":"2012","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025015","article-title":"Occurrence rate of delirium in acute stroke settings: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4823","article-title":"Delirium pathophysiology: an updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17701764","article-title":"2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in delirium","volume":"37","author":"Haggstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.064","article-title":"Effect of new cerebral ischemic lesions on the delirium occurrence after transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"68","author":"Abawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.007605","article-title":"Early clinical impact of cerebral embolic protection in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a two-center registry in The Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Kroon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-024-03009-x","article-title":"Stroke after heart valve surgery: a single center institution report","volume":"19","author":"Alwaqfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2015.02.011","article-title":"Minimally invasive valve surgery: when less is more","volume":"27","author":"Lamelas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.11.031","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of post-procedural delirium after percutaneous repair of mitral and tricuspid valves","volume":"14","author":"K\u00f6rber","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-022-02364-4","article-title":"Minimum protamine dose required to neutralize heparin in cardiac surgery: a single-centre, prospective, observational cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Taneja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Anesth Can Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.03.041","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of protamine administration for prevention of bleeding complications in patients undergoing TAVR","volume":"13","author":"Al-Kassou","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.077","article-title":"Acute kidney injury after CABG versus PCI","volume":"64","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5246-5","article-title":"Post-contrast acute kidney injury \u2013 part 1: definition, clinical features, incidence, role of contrast medium and risk factors: recommendations for updated ESUR contrast Medium safety committee guidelines","volume":"28","author":"Van Der Molen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness","volume":"369","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2015.04.013","article-title":"Delirium is a robust predictor of morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients treated in the cardiac intensive care unit","volume":"170","author":"Pauley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200105000-00006","article-title":"Survival of hospitalized elderly patients with delirium: a prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Curyto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6975","article-title":"Assessment of instruments for measurement of delirium severity: a systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002368","article-title":"The confusion assessment method for the ICU-7 delirium severity scale: a novel delirium severity instrument for use in the ICU","volume":"45","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","article-title":"Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method: a new method for detection of delirium","volume":"113","author":"Inouye","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103782","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the CAM-ICU and ICDSC in detecting intensive care unit delirium: a bivariate meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102025","article-title":"Delirium assessment tools among hospitalized older adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis of diagnostic accuracy","volume":"90","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01674.x","article-title":"The confusion assessment method: a systematic review of current usage","volume":"56","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","article-title":"Intensive care delirium screening checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e420","article-title":"Development and validation of PRE-DELIRIC (PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu patients) delirium prediction model for intensive care patients: observational multicentre study","volume":"344","author":"Boogaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3202-7","article-title":"Recalibration of the delirium prediction model for ICU patients (PRE-DELIRIC): a multinational observational study","volume":"40","author":"Boogaard M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14363","article-title":"Validation of PRE-DELIRIC and E-PRE-DELIRIC in a Danish population of intensive care unit patients\u2014a prospective observational multicenter study","volume":"68","author":"Joseph N","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.795260","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a preoperative prediction rule for delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"119","author":"Rudolph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425621","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1425621","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative delirium in frail elderly patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery and development of a prediction model\u2014a prospective observational study","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-022-02005-3","article-title":"Prediction model for delirium in patients with cardiovascular surgery: development and validation","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S349232","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline on management of postoperative delirium in older people for low resource setting: systematic review article","volume":"15","author":"Mossie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001876","article-title":"Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients","volume":"41","author":"Aldecoa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123090","article-title":"Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent and treat delirium in older patients: a systematic overview. The SENATOR project ONTOP series","volume":"10","author":"Abraha","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7779","article-title":"Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Hshieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.08.019","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-019-00260-7","article-title":"Non-pharmacological approaches in the prevention of delirium","volume":"11","author":"Salvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.10.004","article-title":"Effects of nonpharmacological delirium-prevention interventions on critically ill patients\u2019 clinical, psychological, and family outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104239","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in critically ill adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v51i8.10256","article-title":"Effect of delirium prevention program on delirium occurrence and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Ryu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12780","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmacologic prevention on delirium in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Matsuura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29499","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029499","article-title":"ABCDE and ABCDEF care bundles: a systematic review of the implementation process in intensive care units","volume":"101","author":"Moraes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104410","article-title":"The effect of the ABCDE\/ABCDEF bundle on delirium, functional outcomes, and quality of life in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Sosnowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4297-4","article-title":"Comfort and patient-centred care without excessive sedation: the eCASH concept","volume":"42","author":"Vincent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03013-z","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of care bundles in the treatment of delirium in ICU patients: a meta-analysis and systemic review","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w20185","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20185","article-title":"Implementation of a multiprofessional, multicomponent delirium management guideline in two intensive care units, and its effect on patient outcomes and nurse workload: a pre-post design retrospective cohort study","volume":"150","author":"Schubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403842","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1403842","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological prevention and management of delirium in critically ill and palliative patients in the inpatient setting: a review","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050568","article-title":"Music interventions and delirium in adults: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Golubovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12732","article-title":"Scoping review of the use of virtual reality in intensive care units","volume":"27","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013307","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013307.pub2","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients","volume":"7","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2018.06.007","article-title":"Hospital elder life program: systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness","volume":"26","author":"Hshieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-021-00110-7","article-title":"SOP: treatment of delirium","volume":"3","author":"Kukolja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redare.2025.501805","article-title":"Clinical guidelines and strategic plan for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of delirium: the zero delirium project","volume":"72","author":"De La Varga-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.25182013","article-title":"The American psychiatric association practice guideline for the prevention and treatment of delirium","volume":"182","author":"Crone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15300","article-title":"It should not be that difficult to manage a condition that is so frequent \u201c: a qualitative study on hospital nurses\u2019 experience of delirium guidelines","volume":"29","author":"Emme","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2018.02.002","article-title":"Effect of organisational factors on the variation in incidence of delirium in intensive care unit patients: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001305","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2020-001305","article-title":"Impact of a multifaceted and multidisciplinary intervention on pain, agitation and delirium management in an intensive care unit: an experience of a Canadian community hospital in conducting a quality improvement project","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230644","article-title":"Delirium prevention in early rehabilitation during acute hospitalization and implementation of programs specifically tailored to older patients with cognitive impairment: a scoping review with meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Hauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3212","article-title":"Preventing delirium takes a village: systematic review and meta-analysis of delirium preventive models of care","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.103976","article-title":"The effectiveness of family participation interventions for the prevention of delirium in intensive care units: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Vitorino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.09.002","article-title":"A family intervention to prevent postoperative delirium in patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery: a randomized controlled study","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12288","article-title":"A post cardiac surgery intervention to manage delirium involving families: a randomized pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Mailhot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2022.04.006","article-title":"Effects of nonpharmacological interventions on sleep improvement and delirium prevention in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2024.103925","article-title":"The impact of non-pharmacological sleep interventions on delirium prevention and sleep improvement in postoperative ICU patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03073-6","article-title":"Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on postoperative delirium: a system review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13321","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13321","article-title":"Effects of sensory-based interventions on delirium prevention in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391993","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1391993","article-title":"Effect of occupational therapy on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-023-00345-9","article-title":"The impact of preoperative malnutrition on postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perioper Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2017.02.002","article-title":"A nursing protocol targeting risk factors for reducing postoperative delirium in patients following coronary artery bypass grafting: results of a prospective before-after study","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000594","article-title":"European society of anaesthesiology evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium","volume":"34","author":"Aldecoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004770","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004770.pub3","article-title":"Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults","volume":"1","author":"Finucane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011749","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011749.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults","volume":"9","author":"Burry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.09.028","article-title":"Trials focusing on prevention and treatment of delirium after cardiac surgery: a systematic review of randomized evidence","volume":"34","author":"Pieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202620","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.03.012","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological interventions for the treatment and prevention of delirium: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14492-4","article-title":"Role of dexmedetomidine in the treatment of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.08.003","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine \u2013 an alternative to midazolam in the treatment of ketamine-induced emergence delirium: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Strickley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2018.06.045","article-title":"Perioperative dexmedetomidine reduces delirium after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102313","article-title":"Interventions to prevent and treat delirium: an umbrella review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"97","author":"Veronese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.02.031","article-title":"Perioperative dexmedetomidine for the prevention of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: a systematic review, Bayesian meta-analysis, and Bayesian re-analysis of the DECADE trial","volume":"134","author":"Hunt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-025-03360-7","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for delirium prevention in adult patients following cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.10.012","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of haloperidol for in-hospital delirium prevention and treatment: a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"27","author":"Schrijver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.01.009","article-title":"Haloperidol for the management of delirium in adult intensive care unit patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Zayed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202102_24868","article-title":"Haloperidol for preventing delirium in ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci","author":"Marra","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951514001059","article-title":"Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium: a comparison of efficacy, safety, and side effects","volume":"13","author":"Boettger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B163"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b9e302","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study*","volume":"38","author":"Devlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257755","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1257755","article-title":"Dose-dependent QTc interval prolongation under haloperidol and pipamperone in the management of delirium in a naturalistic setting","volume":"14","author":"Bohny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14471","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2017.14471","article-title":"Pipamperone and delirium: a preliminary evaluation of its effectiveness in the management of delirium and its subtypes","volume":"147","author":"Boettger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030802","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of quetiapine in the treatment of delirium in adult ICU patients: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Alghadeer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082798","article-title":"The role of quetiapine in treating delirium in critical care settings: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Menozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S45575","article-title":"Quetiapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of delirium: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Maneeton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115637","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of second-generation antipsychotics for psychiatric disorders apart from schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"332","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1619","article-title":"Impact of quetiapine treatment on duration of hypoactive delirium in critically ill adults: a retrospective analysis","volume":"35","author":"Michaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609678","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.609678","article-title":"Comparison of antipsychotics for the treatment of patients with delirium and QTc interval prolongation: a clinical decision analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kurisu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-01980-7","article-title":"Management of delirium in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"126","author":"Ebersbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.19485","article-title":"Comparative safety of medications for severe agitation: a geriatric emergency department guidelines 2.0 systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Casey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020944409","article-title":"Effectiveness of quetiapine as a sedative adjunct in mechanically ventilated adults without delirium","volume":"55","author":"Ohman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.05.006","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine versus placebo in the treatment of delirium","volume":"69","author":"Tahir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.01.019","article-title":"Comparative efficacy study of haloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone in delirium","volume":"71","author":"Grover","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-240","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of haloperidol versus atypical antipsychotic medications in the treatment of delirium","volume":"13","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.11.009","article-title":"Relative risks of cardiovascular disease in people prescribed olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine","volume":"183","author":"Osborn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14076","article-title":"Antipsychotic medication for prevention and treatment of delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Neufeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.009","article-title":"Antipsychotic prophylaxis in surgical patients modestly decreases delirium incidence\u2014but not duration\u2014in high-incidence samples: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Gilmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20451253231152113","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253231152113","article-title":"Olanzapine for the treatment of ICU delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13505","article-title":"Delirium-associated medication in people at risk: a systematic update review, meta-analyses, and GRADE -profiles","volume":"147","author":"Reisinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31135-3","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Huhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.12.037","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment for hypoactive delirium in adult patients: a brief report of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Lodewijckx","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951511000368","article-title":"An open trial of aripiprazole for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Boettger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12088","article-title":"Use of aripiprazole for delirium in the elderly: a short review","volume":"15","author":"Kirino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/156262","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of delirium","volume":"58","author":"Jarosz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4024-9","article-title":"The cardiac safety of aripiprazole treatment in patients at high risk for torsade: a systematic review with a meta-analytic approach","volume":"232","author":"Polcwiartek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.08.011","article-title":"Efficacy and moderators of prevention and treatment of delirium with melatonin receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"85","author":"Wada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.020","article-title":"Melatonin for delirium prevention in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Khaing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220507024219","article-title":"Melatonin receptor agonists for the prevention of delirium: an UpdatedSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Maneeton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i12.3773","article-title":"Melatonin intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B194","first-page":"456","article-title":"Preventive effects of melatonin on delirium in intensive care unit patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000605241239854","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605241239854","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of perioperative melatonin for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888211","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.888211","article-title":"Melatonin and its analogs for prevention of post-cardiac surgery delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1297-6","article-title":"Melatonin for the prevention of postoperative delirium in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103024","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for elderly patients with delirium in a general ward setting: a retrospective study","volume":"70","author":"Ohsako","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111345","article-title":"Melatonin and ramelteon for the treatment of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Beaucage-Charron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.11.028","article-title":"First- and second-line pharmacological treatment for delirium in general hospital setting\u2014retrospective analysis","volume":"32","author":"Wada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001619","article-title":"Trazodone and mianserin for delirium: a retrospective chart review","volume":"42","author":"Kawano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12792","article-title":"Suvorexant with or without ramelteon to prevent delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21043","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021043","article-title":"Suvorexant for the prevention of delirium: a meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.18-00038","article-title":"Preventive effect of suvorexant for postoperative delirium after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"25","author":"Tamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31826ab49b","article-title":"Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors*","volume":"41","author":"McPherson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000942","article-title":"Risk factors for postanesthetic emergence delirium in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.6602","article-title":"Benzodiazepine-free cardiac anesthesia for reduction of postoperative delirium: a cluster randomized crossover trial","volume":"160","author":"Spence","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003300","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use and neuropsychiatric outcomes in the ICU: a systematic review*","volume":"46","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4365","article-title":"Association of delirium response and safety of pharmacological interventions for the management and prevention of delirium: a network meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2013.01.017","article-title":"Morphine is a reasonable alternative to haloperidol in the treatment of postoperative hyperactive-type delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"27","author":"Atalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31825153cc","article-title":"Early treatment with risperidone for subsyndromal delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery in the elderly: a randomized trial","volume":"116","author":"Hakim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617754187","article-title":"Comparison of lurasidone versus quetiapine for the treatment of delirium in critically ill patients","volume":"35","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808217","article-title":"Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness","volume":"379","author":"Girard","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00077-8","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after treatment of delirium during critical illness with antipsychotics (MIND-USA): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"12","author":"Mart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311049","article-title":"Antipsychotic medications for the treatment of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"87","author":"Kishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190015585763","article-title":"Rational use of second-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of ICU delirium: a neuropharmacological approach","volume":"30","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2018.05.011","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"60","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R84","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11342","article-title":"Antipsychotic use and diagnosis of delirium in the intensive care unit","volume":"16","author":"Swan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35843","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35843","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of intensive care unit delirium and the impact on the duration of delirium, length of intensive care unit stay and 30-day mortality: a network meta-analysis of randomized-control trials","volume":"15","author":"Afzal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-024-00471-y","article-title":"Preoperative cognitive training for the prevention of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perioper Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24571","article-title":"Melatonin and melatonin agonists for prevention of delirium in the cardiac surgical ICU: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Grover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04842-1","article-title":"Prevention of post-operative delirium using an overnight infusion of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Huet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000673","article-title":"Pharmacologic agents for the prevention and treatment of delirium in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: systematic review and metaanalysis*","volume":"43","author":"Mu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16162","article-title":"The healthy heart-mind trial: randomized controlled trial of melatonin for prevention of delirium","volume":"68","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.206","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"50","author":"Maldonado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.12.004","article-title":"Prophylaxis with antipsychotic medication reduces the risk of post-operative delirium in elderly patients: a meta-analysis","volume-title":"Psychosomatics","author":"Teslyar","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.11.002","article-title":"Pharmacologic prophylaxis of postoperative delirium in elderly patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.09.025","article-title":"Role of statins in delirium prevention in critical ill and cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Vallabhajosyula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05331-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of gastrodin in preventing postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026110518535342800_ehag088-B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13501","article-title":"Haloperidol for the treatment of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"64","author":"Barbateskovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/47\/41\/6103\/66991037\/ehag088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/47\/41\/6103\/66991037\/ehag088.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:54:01Z","timestamp":1793922841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article\/47\/41\/6103\/8490450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehag088","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-668X","1522-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-668X","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-9645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]}}}