{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:30:50Z","timestamp":1794022250991,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased neurohumoral stimulation resulting in excessive sodium avidity and extracellular volume overload are hallmark features of decompensated heart failure. Especially in case of concomitant renal dysfunction, the kidneys often fail to elicit effective natriuresis. While assessment of renal function is generally performed by measuring serum creatinine\u2013a surrogate for glomerular filtration-, this only represents part of the nephron\u2019s function. Alterations in tubular sodium handling are at least equally important in the development of volume overload and congestion. Venous congestion and neurohumoral activation in advanced HF further promote renal sodium and water retention. Interestingly, early on, before clinical signs of heart failure are evident, intrinsic renal derangements already impair natriuresis. This clinical review discusses the importance of heart failure (HF) induced changes in different nephron segments. A better understanding of cardiorenal interactions which ultimately result in sodium avidity in HF might help to treat and prevent congestion in chronic and acute HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T08:27:49Z","timestamp":1485764869000},"page":"1872-1882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Renal sodium avidity in heart failure: from pathophysiology to treatment strategies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Mullens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium"},{"name":"2Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik Hendrik","family":"Verbrugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Nijst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium"},{"name":"3Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Hong Wilson","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-011-9248-0","article-title":"Treatment of congestion in heart failure with diuretics and extracorporeal therapies: effects on symptoms, renal function, and prognosis","volume":"17","author":"Costanzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963413","article-title":"Is worsening renal function an ominous prognostic sign in patients with acute heart failure? The role of congestion and its interaction with renal function","volume":"5","author":"Metra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.068","article-title":"Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Mullens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000313720","article-title":"Pathophysiology of fluid retention in heart failure","volume":"164","author":"Chaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contribution Nephrol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.369","article-title":"Dietary salt influences postprandial plasma sodium concentration and systolic blood pressure","volume":"81","author":"Suckling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B6","volume-title":"BE. Medical Physiology: a cellular and molecular approach","author":"Boron","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.06.072","article-title":"The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes in 6,427 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease","volume":"44","author":"Ezekowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.03.011","article-title":"High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database","volume":"13","author":"Heywood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiac Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq077","article-title":"Epidemiology and survival of the five stages of chronic kidney disease in a systolic heart failure population","volume":"12","author":"Hebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.05.007","article-title":"Tubular damage and worsening renal function in chronic heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Damman","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61126-4","article-title":"The effects of the cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, on cardiac function in systolic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging phase 2 trial","volume":"378","author":"Cleland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs039","article-title":"Lack of significant renal tubular injury despite acute kidney injury in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Dupont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr190","article-title":"Clinical outcome of renal tubular damage in chronic heart failure","volume":"32","author":"Damman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.07.031","article-title":"Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Forman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.2.203","article-title":"Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"102","author":"Hillege","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.08.002","article-title":"Prognostic value of glomerular filtration changes versus natriuretic response in decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection","volume":"20","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00705-0","article-title":"Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients &gt; or\u2009=\u200965 years of age with heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Krumholz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs209","article-title":"Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: the importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment","volume":"15","author":"Dupont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.043","article-title":"Elevated intra-abdominal pressure in acute decompensated heart failure: a potential contributor to worsening renal function?","volume":"51","author":"Mullens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.166256","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure","volume":"96","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.537","article-title":"Cardiac output and renal dysfunction: definitely more than impaired flow","volume":"67","author":"Mullens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.02.058","article-title":"Reduced cardiac index is not the dominant driver of renal dysfunction in heart failure","volume":"67","author":"Hanberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.933275","article-title":"Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival","volume":"122","author":"Testani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.35","article-title":"The kidney in congestive heart failure: \u2018are natriuresis, sodium, and diuretics really the good, the bad and the ugly?\u2019","volume":"16","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2008.02.010","article-title":"Prompt reduction in intra-abdominal pressure following large-volume mechanical fluid removal improves renal insufficiency in refractory decompensated heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Mullens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000366168","article-title":"Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.070","article-title":"Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure","volume":"62","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.32.3.399","article-title":"Assessment of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption during water diuresis in patients with heart disease","volume":"32","author":"Gibson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.214.5.943","article-title":"Peritubular control of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in the rat kidney","volume":"214","author":"Lewy","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1956.185.2.430","article-title":"Micropuncture study of pressures in proximal tubules and peritubular capillaries of the rat kidney and their relation to ureteral and renal venous pressures","volume":"185","author":"Gottschalk","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1958.195.1.97","article-title":"Effect of change in renal venous pressure upon renal vascular resistance, urine and lymph flow rates","volume":"195","author":"Haddy","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1960.198.5.1037","article-title":"Influence of elevated venous pressure on flow and composition of renal lymph","volume":"198","author":"Lebrie","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.200.6.1139","article-title":"Micropuncture study of net transtubular movement of water and urea in nondiuretic mammalian kidney","volume":"200","author":"Lassiter","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1963.204.4.532","article-title":"Micropuncture study of composition of loop of Henle fluid in desert rodents","volume":"204","author":"Gottschalk","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B35","first-page":"11","article-title":"Micropuncture studies of tubular function in the mammalian kidney","volume":"5","author":"Gottschalk","year":"1962","journal-title":"Folia Med Neerl"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113534","article-title":"Calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate as second messengers for vasopressin in the rat inner medullary collecting duct","volume":"81","author":"Star","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B37","first-page":"R243","article-title":"Localization of the vasopressin V1a and V2 receptors within the renal cortical and medullary circulation","volume":"273","author":"Park","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2008.00037.x","article-title":"Loop diuretics can cause clinical natriuretic failure: a prescription for volume expansion","volume":"15","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B39","first-page":"R263","article-title":"Juxtaglomerular cell complex in the regulation of renal salt excretion","volume":"274","author":"Schnermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011967","article-title":"Collecting duct dlow rate as a determinant of equilibration between urine and renal papilla in the rat in the presence of a maximal antidiuretic hormone concentration","volume":"270","author":"Lote","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.67","article-title":"Effect of aldosterone on the transepithelial potential difference of the rat distal tubule","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107509","article-title":"Response of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to vasopressin in the rat","volume":"52","author":"Woodhall","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90823-3","article-title":"Disorders of urinary concentration and dilution","volume":"72","author":"Jamison","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40145","article-title":"The Na+-dependent chloride-bicarbonate exchanger SLC4A8 mediates an electroneutral Na+ reabsorption process in the renal cortical collecting ducts of mice","volume":"120","author":"Leviel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.010","article-title":"Hyponatremia in acute decompensated heart failure: depletion versus dilution","volume":"65","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.228","article-title":"Aldosterone \u2018escape\u2019 vs \u2018breakthrough\u2019","volume":"6","author":"Schrier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01714-4","article-title":"Neurohormonal and clinical responses to high- versus low-dose enalapril therapy in chronic heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.70.3.3080630","article-title":"Determinants and impact of the natriuretic response to diuretic therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and volume overload","volume":"70","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.03.006","article-title":"Insufficient natriuretic response to continuous intravenous furosemide is associated with poor long-term outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiac Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000895","article-title":"Loop diuretic efficiency: a metric of diuretic responsiveness with prognostic importance in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Testani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1159\/000082314","article-title":"Long-term adaptation of renal ion transporters to chronic diuretic treatment","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-013-0174-4","article-title":"New insights into combinational drug therapy to manage congestion in heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-015-0273-5","article-title":"Current approach to decongestive therapy in acute heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Martens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr070","article-title":"Impact of changes in blood pressure during the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure on renal and clinical outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Testani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs209","article-title":"Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: the importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment","volume":"15","author":"Dupont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu065","article-title":"Diuretic response in acute heart failure: clinical characteristics and prognostic significance","volume":"35","author":"Valente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.170","article-title":"Diuretic response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: characteristics and clinical outcome\u2013an analysis from RELAX-AHF","volume":"16","author":"Voors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B58","article-title":"Diuretic response: clinical and hemodynamic predictors and relation to clinical outcome","author":"Aronson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2015.05.003","article-title":"Diuretic response in acute heart failure-an analysis from ASCEND-HF","volume":"170","author":"Ter Maaten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fractional excretion of sodium and its association with prognosis of decompensated heart failure patients","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002370.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002370","article-title":"Rapid and highly accurate prediction of poor loop diuretic natriuretic response in patients with heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Testani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00365-9","article-title":"Diuretic treatment and diuretic resistance in heart failure","volume":"106","author":"Kramer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00903-2","article-title":"Open-label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure","volume":"111","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00122-8","article-title":"Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study","volume":"4","author":"Cosin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(03)00150-8","article-title":"Torasemide vs. furosemide in primary care patients with chronic heart failure NYHA II to IV\u2013efficacy and quality of life","volume":"5","author":"Muller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005419","article-title":"Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"364","author":"Felker","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-1-1","article-title":"Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Activation of the neurohumoral axis","volume":"103","author":"Francis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.12.1311","article-title":"Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2012.06.528","article-title":"Changes in uric acid levels and allopurinol use in chronic heart failure: association with improved survival","volume":"18","author":"Gotsman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.246","article-title":"Mechanism of impaired natriuretic response to furosemide during prolonged therapy","volume":"36","author":"Loon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009492","article-title":"Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms","volume":"364","author":"Zannad","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79327.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079327","article-title":"Potentiation of the effect of thiazide derivatives by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Zahedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1159\/000335117","article-title":"Pendrin as a novel target for diuretic therapy","volume":"28","author":"Amlal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13368","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202671109","article-title":"Double knockout of pendrin and Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) causes severe salt wasting, volume depletion, and renal failure","volume":"109","author":"Soleimani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(56)90105-2","article-title":"Acetazolamide (diamox) in the treatment of congestive heart-failure","volume":"270","author":"Hanley","year":"1956","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199703000-00010","article-title":"Sequential nephron blockade breaks resistance to diuretics in edematous states","volume":"29","author":"Knauf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2073-4","article-title":"Short-term survival by treatment among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: the global ALARM-HF registry using propensity scoring methods","volume":"37","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08417-1","article-title":"Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema","volume":"351","author":"Cotter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.02.083","article-title":"Sodium nitroprusside for advanced low-output heart failure","volume":"52","author":"Mullens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.12.028","article-title":"Usefulness of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Hydralazine as add-on therapy in patients discharged for advanced decompensated heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Mullens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282190","article-title":"Low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction: the ROSE acute heart failure randomized trial","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu484","article-title":"Ularitide for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure: from preclinical to clinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Anker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90328-3","article-title":"Efficacy of prolonged infusion of urodilatin [ANP-(95-126)] in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"129","author":"Elsner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01427.x","article-title":"Haemodynamic and renal effects of urodilatin bolus injections in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Kentsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl337","article-title":"Haemodynamic and clinical effects of ularitide in decompensated heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.01.022","article-title":"Effects of the renal natriuretic peptide urodilatin (ularitide) in patients with decompensated chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose trial","volume":"150","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61855-8","article-title":"Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"381","author":"Teerlink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht371","article-title":"Effects of serelaxin in subgroups of patients with acute heart failure: results from RELAX-AHF","volume":"34","author":"Metra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001536","article-title":"Renal hemodynamic effects of serelaxin in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"7","author":"Voors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2009.12.009","article-title":"Ultrafiltration is associated with fewer rehospitalizations than continuous diuretic infusion in patients with decompensated heart failure: results from UNLOAD","volume":"16","author":"Costanzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cardiac Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210357","article-title":"Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Bart","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.073","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"49","author":"Costanzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963256","article-title":"Prognostic importance of early worsening renal function after initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with cardiac dysfunction","volume":"4","author":"Testani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N England J Med"},{"key":"2022102614535631900_ehx035-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.07.008","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition in heart failure: mechanistic action and clinical impact","volume":"21","author":"Buggey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiac Fail"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/38\/24\/1872\/46645750\/eurheartj_38_24_1872.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article-pdf\/38\/24\/1872\/46645750\/eurheartj_38_24_1872.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:35:52Z","timestamp":1666784152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartj\/article\/38\/24\/1872\/3052262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-668X","1522-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-668X","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-9645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]}}}