{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T04:53:15Z","timestamp":1780807995130,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_E","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pericarditis is a common inflammatory disease affecting the pericardial sac, resulting from a variety of stimuli that trigger a stereotyped immune response. Generally self-limiting, this condition can be burdened by a significant risk of acute complications and relapses, with recurrence rates affecting up to 30% of patients, especially in the case of diagnostic and therapeutic delay. Therapeutic options in recurrent forms, initially based only on the use of traditional drugs such as colchicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids, have recently been enriched with new molecules, such as interleukin 1 blockers anakinra and rilonacept, particularly indicated in refractory forms dependent on corticosteroids. Other medically relevant therapeutic possibilities in refractory disease include azathioprine, methotrexate, and intravenous immunoglobulins. This brief review aims to summarize the treatment strategies of recurrent pericarditis in light of the most up-to-date evidence and recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suab097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T10:12:08Z","timestamp":1633947128000},"page":"E83-E86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Recurrent pericarditis is less scary: the new therapeutic solutions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Del Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, ESH Excellence Center for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention, S. Salvatore Hospital, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, ESH Excellence Center for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention, S. Salvatore Hospital, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv318","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"36","author":"Adler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62709-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of colchicine for treatment of multiple recurrences of pericarditis (CORP-2): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial","volume":"383","author":"Imazio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.187138","article-title":"Anti-heart and anti-intercalated disk autoantibodies: evidence for autoimmunity in idiopathic recurrent acute pericarditis","volume":"96","author":"Caforio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3800","article-title":"Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases","volume":"11","author":"Dinarello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027892","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of interleukin-1 trap rilonacept in recurrent pericarditis","volume":"384","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.021","article-title":"Management of acute and recurrent pericarditis: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000260","article-title":"Intravenous human immunoglobulins for refractory recurrent pericarditis: a systematic review of all published cases","volume":"17","author":"Imazio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.01.027","article-title":"Azathioprine in isolated recurrent pericarditis: a single centre experience","volume":"147","author":"Vianello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319879534","article-title":"Anakinra for corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant pericarditis: the IRAP (International Registry of Anakinra for Pericarditis) study","volume":"27","author":"Imazio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.04.001","article-title":"Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis","volume":"18","author":"Peiffer-Smadja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.15826","article-title":"Effect of anakinra on recurrent pericarditis among patients with colchicine resistance and corticosteroid dependence: the AIRTRIP randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Brucato","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B12","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rilonacept for recurrent pericarditis: results from a phase II clinical trial","author":"Klein","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.01.005","article-title":"Anakinra in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis refractory to immunosuppressive therapy; a preliminary experience in seven patients","volume":"18","author":"Dagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2021101106043695300_suab097-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000839","article-title":"Anakinra in recurrent pericarditis: current evidence on clinical use, effectiveness, and safety","volume":"76","author":"Correia Et de","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal Supplements"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartjsupp\/article-pdf\/23\/Supplement_E\/E83\/40544645\/suab097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartjsupp\/article-pdf\/23\/Supplement_E\/E83\/40544645\/suab097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T10:12:28Z","timestamp":1633947148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartjsupp\/article\/23\/Supplement_E\/E83\/6386336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_E","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/suab097","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-765X","1554-2815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-765X","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-2815","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}