{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:20:02Z","timestamp":1769120402827,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_A","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T11:00:50Z","timestamp":1551178850000},"page":"A6-A11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hyperkalaemia: aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical significance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jasper","family":"Tromp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AB31, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1,Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute, 5 Hospital Dr, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AB31, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1,Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174686.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174686","article-title":"Plasma potassium, diuretic use and risk of developing chronic kidney disease in a predominantly White population","volume":"12","author":"Kieneker","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006121411","article-title":"NHANES III: influence of race on GFR thresholds and detection of metabolic abnormalities","volume":"18","author":"Foley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.4.713","article-title":"Total body potassium in aging humans: a longitudinal study","volume":"50","author":"Flynn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-009-0037-1","article-title":"Hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure: incidence, prevalence, and management","volume":"6","author":"Desai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001104","article-title":"Incidence, predictors, and outcomes related to hypo- and hyperkalemia in patients with severe heart failure treated with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist","volume":"7","author":"Vardeny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.067","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure: an analysis of the CHARM Program","volume":"50","author":"Desai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000792","article-title":"Incidence, determinants, and prognostic significance of hyperkalemia and worsening renal function in patients with heart failure receiving the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone or placebo in addition to optimal medical therapy: results from the Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and Survival Study in Heart Failure (EMPHASIS-HF)","volume":"7","author":"Rossignol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.402","article-title":"Effect of patiromer on reducing serum potassium and preventing recurrent hyperkalaemia in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease on RAAS inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1079","article-title":"Potassium and the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: data from BIOSTAT-CHF","volume":"20","author":"Beusekamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.10.027","article-title":"Frequency and predictors of hyperkalemia in patients \u226560 years of age with heart failure undergoing intense medical therapy","volume":"109","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.05.030","article-title":"Quantification of the risk and predictors of hyperkalemia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"152","author":"de Denus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07821109","article-title":"Potassium homeostasis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Weir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-189571","article-title":"Why are some amyloidoses systemic? Does hepatic \u201cchaperoning at a distance\u201d prevent cardiac deposition in a transgenic model of human senile systemic (transthyretin) amyloidosis?","volume":"26","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1975.228.4.1249","article-title":"Effects of flow rate and potassium intake on distal tubular potassium transfer","volume":"228","author":"Khuri","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198002213020803","article-title":"Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal","volume":"302","author":"Rosa","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021443","article-title":"Aldosterone function in diabetes mellitus: effects on cardiovascular and renal disease","volume":"88","author":"McFarlane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90971-3","article-title":"Aging and aldosterone","volume":"74","author":"Hegstad","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016020154","article-title":"The substantial loss of nephrons in healthy human kidneys with aging","volume":"28","author":"Denic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B20","first-page":"551","article-title":"The syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia with normal GFR (Gordon\u2019s syndrome): is there increased proximal sodium reabsorption?","volume":"14","author":"Klemm","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706043162301","article-title":"Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure","volume":"316","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250501","article-title":"Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure","volume":"325","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14284-5","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial","volume":"362","author":"Granger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14283-3","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial","volume":"362","author":"McMurray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040135","article-title":"Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study","volume":"351","author":"Juurlink","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009492","article-title":"Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms","volume":"364","author":"Zannad","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","article-title":"Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"348","author":"Pitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin\u2013neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.4733","article-title":"Reduced risk of hyperkalemia during treatment of heart failure with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists by use of sacubitril\/valsartan compared with enalapril","volume":"2","author":"Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313731","article-title":"Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"370","author":"Pitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14285-7","article-title":"Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved trial","volume":"362","author":"Yusuf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805450","article-title":"Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"359","author":"Massie","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.03.002","article-title":"Incident hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, and clinical outcomes during spironolactone treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: analysis of the TOPCAT trial","volume":"24","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.12.045","article-title":"Changes in serum potassium levels during hospitalization in patients with worsening heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (from the EVEREST trial)","volume":"115","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.09.038","article-title":"Serum potassium levels and outcome in acute heart failure (data from the PROTECT and COACH Trials)","volume":"119","author":"Tromp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.899526","article-title":"Hypokalemia and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: findings from propensity-matched studies","volume":"3","author":"Bowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.01.367","article-title":"Predictors of hyperkalemia and death in patients with cardiac and renal disease","volume":"109","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778811","article-title":"Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the eplerenone post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS)","volume":"118","author":"Pitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030576","article-title":"Long-term potassium monitoring and dynamics in heart failure and risk of mortality","volume":"137","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx460","article-title":"Associations of serum potassium levels with mortality in chronic heart failure patients","volume":"38","author":"Aldahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy100","article-title":"Serum potassium and adverse outcomes across the range of kidney function: a CKD Prognosis Consortium meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.531","article-title":"A systems BIOlogy Study to TAilored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of BIOSTAT-CHF","volume":"18","author":"Voors","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411487","article-title":"Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia","volume":"372","author":"Packham","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410853","article-title":"Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors","volume":"372","author":"Weir","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019022808505002300_suy028-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.300","article-title":"Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Anker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["European Heart Journal Supplements"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartjsupp\/article-pdf\/21\/Supplement_A\/A6\/27994238\/suy028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T14:00:37Z","timestamp":1551362437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurheartjsupp\/article\/21\/Supplement_A\/A6\/5364193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_A","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-765X","1554-2815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-765X","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-2815","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}}}