{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:06:55Z","timestamp":1788880015024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_C","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute heart failure is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome and is the first cause of unplanned hospitalization in people &amp;gt;65 years. Patients with heart failure may have different clinical presentations according to clinical history, pre-existing heart disease, and pattern of intravascular congestion. A comprehensive assessment of clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory data should aid in clinical decision-making and treatment. In some cases, a more accurate evaluation of patient haemodynamics via a pulmonary artery catheter may be necessary to undertake and guide escalation and de-escalation of therapy, especially when clinical, echo, and laboratory data are inconclusive or in the presence of right ventricular dysfunction. Similarly, a pulmonary artery catheter may be useful in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing mechanical circulatory support. With the subsequent de-escalation of therapy and haemodynamic stabilization, the implementation of guideline-directed medical therapy should be pursued to reduce the risk of subsequent heart failure hospitalization and death, paying particular attention to the recognition and treatment of residual congestion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T17:46:42Z","timestamp":1682531202000},"page":"C276-C282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Acute heart failure: differential diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Marini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona Umberto I-GM Lancisi-G Salesi , 60126 Ancona , 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