{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T22:29:34Z","timestamp":1770071374509,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) independently increases the rates of cardiovascular disease, whereas the severity of kidney disease correlates with increased cardiovascular morbidity and death. Vitamin D is modified in the liver and the kidney to its active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) by the 25-hydroxy vitamin D 1-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP27B1). The activated vitamin D brings about its actions through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The VDRs and CYP27B1 have recently been shown to be expressed in several tissues, not directly involved in mineral homeostasis, including the cardiovascular, immune, and epithelial systems. The action of vitamin D in these tissues is implicated in the regulation of endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and cardiac cell function, the renin\u2013angiotensin system, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways, and immune response. Impaired VDR activation and signalling results in cellular dysfunction in several organs and biological systems, which leads to reduced bone health, an increased risk for epithelial cancers, metabolic disease, and uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Failure of cardiovascular VDR activation results in hypertension, accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy with vascular rarification and fibrosis, and progressive renal dysfunction. An emerging body of evidence has prompted attention to the relationship between CKD, mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), and cardiovascular disease in the new guidelines from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. Vitamin D receptor activators, commonly used to treat CKD-MBD, and an appropriate treatment of vitamin D hormonal system failure in patients with CKD, may help to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,6]],"date-time":"2010-07-06T20:15:28Z","timestamp":1278447328000},"page":"1031-1041","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Vitamin D System: A Crosstalk between the Heart and Kidney"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan , Via A. di Rudin'\u0131, 8-20142, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Ketteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Coburg , Coburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Zehnder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School , Coventry ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000151275","article-title":"Real-world doxercalciferol treatment in SHPT CKD stage 3 and 4: an analysis of change in iPTH and accordance to KDOQI recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.3.559","article-title":"Myocardial infarction is inversely associated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels: a community-based study","volume":"19","author":"Scragg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.11.1159","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"167","author":"Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization","volume":"351","author":"Go","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004070610","article-title":"Association between chronic kidney disease and coronary artery calcification: the Dallas Heart Study","volume":"16","author":"Kramer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000168336.67499.c0","article-title":"Arteriosclerosis vascular calcifications cardiovascular disease in uremia","volume":"14","author":"London","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.018","article-title":"The relationship between renal function and cardiac structure, function, and prognosis after myocardial infarction: the VALIANT Echo Study","volume":"50","author":"Verma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340","article-title":"Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"168","author":"Dobnig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.6.659","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization","volume":"164","author":"Keith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0010","author":"Incidence & Prevalence of ESRD","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0011","first-page":"S1","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)","volume":"113","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026020203330942700_ejhfhfq112-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00830a031","article-title":"The synthesis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. 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