{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:46:23Z","timestamp":1791636383944,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20080510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20080510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swedish Government and the county councils"},{"name":"ALF-agreement","award":["544981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["544981"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several studies have reported excess female mortality in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but the cause is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare risk-factors for disease-related death in both sexes in a geographical cohort of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data-bases in all ten hospitals within West G\u00f6taland Region yielded 250 oHCM-patients (123 females, 127 males). Mean follow-up was 18.1\u2005y. Risk-factors for disease-related death were evaluated by Cox-hazard regression and Kaplan-Meier survival-curves, with sex-comparisons of distribution of risk-factors and therapy in total and age-matched (n\u2009=\u2009166) groups. At diagnosis females were older, median 62\u2005y vs. 51\u2005y, (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), but not different in outflow-gradients and median NYHA-class. However, septal hypertrophy was more advanced: 10.6 [IQR\u2009=\u20093.2] vs. 9.6 [2.5] mm\/m2 BSA; P\u2009=\u20090.002. Females had higher disease-related mortality than males (P\u2009=\u2009&amp;lt;0.001), with annual mortality 2.9% vs. 1.5% in age-matched groups (P\u2009=\u20090.010 log-rank). For each risk-category identified (NYHA-class\u2009\u2265\u2009III, outflow-gradient \u226550 mmHg), a higher proportion of females died (P\u2009=\u20090.0004; P\u2009=\u20090.001). Calcium-blocker therapy was a risk-factor (P\u2009=\u20090.005) and was used more frequently in females (P\u2009=\u20090.034). A beta-blocker dose above cohort-median reduced risk for disease-related death in both males (HR\u2009=\u20090.32; P\u2009=\u20090.0040) and in females (HR\u2009=\u20090.49; P\u2009=\u20090.020). Excess female deaths occurred in chronic heart-failure (P\u2009=\u20090.001) and acute myocardial infarctions (P\u2009=\u20090.015). Fewer females received beta-blocker therapy after diagnosis (64% vs. 78%, P\u2009=\u20090.018), in a smaller dose (P\u2009=\u20090.007), and less frequently combined with disopyramide (7% vs. 16%, P\u2009=\u20090.048).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Addressing sex-disparities in the timing of diagnosis and pharmacological therapy has the potential to improve the care of females with oHCM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T11:17:13Z","timestamp":1650453433000},"page":"1545-1556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Factors associated with excess female mortality in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davood","family":"Javidgonbadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Northern \u00c4lvsborg County Hospital , Trollh\u00e4ttan , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Schaufelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2445-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingegerd","family":"\u00d6stman-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082218475181900_zwac078-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(87)80107-8","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a population of adult Japanese workers as detected by echocardiographic screening","volume":"59","author":"Hada","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022082218475181900_zwac078-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.4.785","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. 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