{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:44:15Z","timestamp":1788468255088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics of Montpellier University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overweight and obesity in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) represent an alarming cardiovascular risk. Promotion of physical activity and cardiac rehabilitation in this population requires assessing the level of aerobic fitness (VO2max) by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Nevertheless, the interpretation of CPET in overweight\/obese children with CHD remains challenging as VO2max is affected by both the cardiac condition and the body mass index (BMI). The new paediatric VO2max \u00a0Z-score reference equations, based on a logarithmic function of VO2max, height and BMI, were applied to overweight\/obese children with a CHD and compared with overweight\/obese children without any other chronic condition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this cross-sectional controlled study, 344 children with a BMI &amp;gt; 85th percentile underwent a CPET (54% boys; mean age 11.5 \u00b1 3.1 years; 100 CHD; 244 controls). Using the VO2max \u00a0Z-score equations, aerobic fitness was significantly lower in obese\/overweight CHD children than that in matched obese\/overweight control children (\u22120.43 \u00b1 1.27 vs. \u22120.01 \u00b1 1.09; P = 0.02, respectively), and the proportion of children with impaired aerobic fitness was significantly more important in obese\/overweight CHD children than in matched controls (17% vs.6%, P = 0.02, respectively). The paediatric VO2max \u00a0Z-score reference equations also identified specific complex CHD at risk of aerobic fitness impairment (univentricular heart and right outflow tract anomalies). Using Cooper\u2019s weight- and height-based linear equations, similar matched-comparisons analyses found no significant group differences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As opposed to the existing linear models, the new paediatric VO2max \u00a0Z-score equations can discriminate the aerobic fitness of obese\/overweight children with CHD from that of obese\/overweight children without any chronic disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04815577.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T14:12:59Z","timestamp":1686406379000},"page":"1865-1873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Use of new paediatric VO2max reference equations to evaluate aerobic fitness in overweight or obese children with congenital heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Amedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology Department, M3C National Reference Centre, Bordeaux University Hospital , Bordeaux , France"},{"name":"IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modelling Institute, INSERM 1045, Bordeaux University Foundation , Pessac , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-1336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier , 39 Av. Charles Flahault, 34090, Montpellier , France"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier , Place du Professeur Debr\u00e9, 30029, Nimes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9848-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Matecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology Department, M3C Regional Reference CHD Centre, Montpellier University Hospital , Montpellier , France"},{"name":"PhyMedExp, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier , 371 Avenue du Doyen Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7960-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Guillaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology Department, M3C Regional Reference CHD Centre, Montpellier University Hospital , Montpellier , France"},{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology and Rehabilitation Unit, St-Pierre Institute , Palavas-Les-Flots , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Requirand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology Department, M3C Regional Reference CHD Centre, Montpellier University Hospital , Montpellier , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jeandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, H\u00f4pital A. de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier , Montpellier Cedex 34295 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2562-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Kollen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric gastroenterology, Montpellier University Hospital , Montpellier , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6485-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Gavotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhyMedExp, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier , 371 Avenue du Doyen Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine and Paediatric Intensive Care, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier University Hospital Centre, University of Montpellier , 371 Avenue du Doyen Giraud, Montpellier 34295 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2430","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in European children from 1999 to 2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Garrido-Miguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.07.007","article-title":"Childhood overweight and obesity","volume":"45","author":"Grant-Guimaraes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.185","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among children with chronic conditions","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes Silver Spring Md"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1736-2","article-title":"Clinical practice: the effect of obesity in children with congenital heart disease","volume":"171","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01272-4","article-title":"Task force 1: the changing profile of congenital heart disease in adult life","volume":"37","author":"Warnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1157","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0306","article-title":"Obesity is a common comorbidity in children with congenital and acquired heart disease","volume":"120","author":"Pinto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2018.03.005","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in children treated for congenital heart disease","volume":"90","author":"Perin","year":"2019","journal-title":"An Pediatr"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.08.024","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of the prevalence of overweight\/obesity in children with congenital heart disease","volume":"31","author":"Tamayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B9","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary fitness in children with congenital heart diseases versus healthy children","volume":"104","author":"Amedro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Br Card Soc"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs712","article-title":"Currently, children with congenital heart disease are not limited in their submaximal exercise performance","volume":"43","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.12.050","article-title":"Impact of a centre and home-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life of teenagers and young adults with congenital heart disease: the QUALI-REHAB study rationale, design and methods","volume":"283","author":"Amedro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.11.028","article-title":"Correlation between cardio-pulmonary exercise test variables and health-related quality of life among children with congenital heart diseases","volume":"203","author":"Amedro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.105994","article-title":"Impacting child health outcomes in congenital heart disease: cluster randomized controlled trial protocol of in-clinic physical activity counselling","volume":"91","author":"Lemire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037064","article-title":"Substantial cardiovascular morbidity in adults with lower-complexity congenital heart disease","volume":"139","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318293688f","article-title":"Promotion of physical activity for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"127","author":"Longmuir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.04.012","article-title":"Low muscle mass and strength in pediatrics patients: why should we care?","volume":"38","author":"Orsso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000866","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness in youth: an important marker of health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"142","author":"Raghuveer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.3.628","article-title":"Aerobic parameters of exercise as a function of body size during growth in children","volume":"56","author":"Cooper","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.129.2P2.S47","article-title":"Gas exchange response to exercise in children","volume":"129","author":"Cooper","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad054","article-title":"Reference values of aerobic fitness in the contemporary paediatric population","volume":"30","author":"Gavotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B21","first-page":"1","article-title":"2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development","volume":"11","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-64","article-title":"Population-based evaluation of a suggested anatomic and clinical classification of congenital heart defects based on the International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code","volume":"6","author":"Houyel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034205","article-title":"Coming together: the ATS\/ERS consensus on clinical pulmonary function testing","volume":"26","author":"Brusasco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312","article-title":"Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3\u201395-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations","volume":"40","author":"Quanjer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.2.485","article-title":"Oxygen uptake plateau during maximal treadmill exercise in children","volume":"101","author":"Rowland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-018-1462-6","article-title":"How should we determine normal echocardiographic right ventricle function reference values in pediatrics?","volume":"35","author":"Bredy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B27","first-page":"499","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake in healthy children: factors of variation and available standards","volume":"18","author":"Matecki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.147629","article-title":"VO2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know?","volume":"586","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.02.069","article-title":"Impaired pulmonary function and its association with clinical outcomes, exercise capacity and quality of life in children with congenital heart disease","volume":"285","author":"Abassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321390","article-title":"Exercise training in paediatric congenital heart disease: fit for purpose?","volume":"107","author":"Amir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82878-1","article-title":"Are obese children truly unfit? Minimizing the confounding effect of body size on the exercise response","volume":"116","author":"Cooper","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04648-9","article-title":"Exercise capacity in a cohort of children with congenital heart disease","volume":"182","author":"van Genuchten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.11.092","article-title":"Functional outcome in contemporary children with total cavopulmonary connection\u2014health-related physical fitness, exercise capacity and health-related quality of life","volume":"255","author":"Hock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023113004072481000_zwad201-B34","first-page":"186","article-title":"Exercise capacity in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot aged 6 to 63 years","volume":"108","author":"Eshuis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Br Card Soc"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad201\/50680809\/zwad201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/30\/17\/1865\/53799496\/zwad201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/30\/17\/1865\/53799496\/zwad201.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T04:08:38Z","timestamp":1701317318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article\/30\/17\/1865\/7197664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-4873","2047-4881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-4873","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-4881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]}}}