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Smoking status was obtained by questionnaire, while serum cotinine concentrations were measured using gas chromatography. Metabolic measures were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics at 9 (n = 539), 11 (n = 536), 13 (n = 525), 15 (n = 488), 17 (n = 455), and 19 (n = 409) years. Association of passive tobacco smoke exposure with metabolic profile compared participants who reported less-than-weekly smoking and had serum cotinine concentration &amp;lt;1 ng\/mL (no exposure) with those whose cotinine concentration was \u226510 ng\/mL (passive tobacco smoke exposure). Associations of daily smoking with metabolic profile in adolescence were analysed by comparing participants reporting daily smoking with those reporting no tobacco use and having serum cotinine concentrations &amp;lt;1 ng\/mL. Passive tobacco smoke exposure was directly associated with the serum ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids [\u03b2 = 0.34 standard deviation (SD), (0.17\u20130.51), P &amp;lt; 0.0001] and inversely associated with the serum ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Exposure to passive tobacco smoke was directly associated with very-low-density lipoprotein particle size [\u03b2 = 0.28 SD, (0.12\u20130.45), P = 0.001] and inversely associated with HDL particle size {\u03b2 = \u22120.21 SD, [\u22120.34 to \u22120.07], P = 0.003}. Daily smokers exhibited a similar metabolic profile to those exposed to passive tobacco smoke. These results persisted after adjusting for body mass index, STRIP study group allocation, dietary target score, pubertal status, and parental socio-economic status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both passive and active tobacco smoke exposures during childhood and adolescence are detrimentally associated with circulating metabolic measures indicative of increased cardio-metabolic risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T12:47:34Z","timestamp":1693486054000},"page":"103-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association of tobacco smoke exposure with metabolic profile from childhood to early adulthood: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0880-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miia","family":"Lehtovirta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Pahkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Paavo Nurmi Centre, Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi P","family":"Rovio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costan G","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, VIC , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi T","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Paavo Nurmi Centre, Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Niinikoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Lagstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma S A","family":"Viikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapani","family":"R\u00f6nnemaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Jula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Institute for Health and Welfare , Turku , 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