{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:40:43Z","timestamp":1792467643002,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001160","name":"Health Effects Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R-82811201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-82811201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The three correlated environmental exposures (air pollution, road traffic noise, and green space) have all been associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The present study aimed to analyse their independent and cumulative association with MI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a cohort of all Danes aged 50 or older in the period 2005\u201317, 5-year time-weighted average exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), ultrafine particles, elemental carbon, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and road traffic noise at the most and least exposed fa\u00e7ades of residence was estimated. Green space around residences was estimated from land use maps. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and cumulative risk indices (CRIs) were calculated. All expressed per interquartile range. Models were adjusted for both individual and neighbourhood-level socio-demographic covariates. The cohort included 1 964 702 persons. During follow-up, 71 285 developed MI. In single-exposure models, all exposures were associated with an increased risk of MI. In multi-pollutant analyses, an independent association with risk of MI was observed for PM2.5 (HR: 1.026; 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.050), noise at most exposed fa\u00e7ade (HR: 1.024; 95% CI: 1.012\u20131.035), and lack of green space within 150 m of residence (HR: 1.018; 95% CI: 1.010\u20131.027). All three factors contributed significantly to the CRI (1.089; 95% CI: 1.076\u20131.101).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a nationwide cohort study, air pollution, noise, and lack of green space were all independently associated with an increased risk of MI. The air pollutant PM2.5 was closest associated with MI risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T19:09:45Z","timestamp":1695409785000},"page":"131-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Concomitant exposure to air pollution, green space and noise, and risk of myocardial infarction: a cohort study from Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4456-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aslak Harbo","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulla A","family":"Hvidtfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Ketzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE) , Surrey , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper H","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"},{"name":"iClimate\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7580-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"},{"name":"iClimate\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4236-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise M","family":"Frohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"},{"name":"iClimate\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Massling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jibran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1223-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Raaschou-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B1","volume-title":"Healthy environment, healthy lives: how the environment influences health and well-being in Europe","author":"EEA","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy481","article-title":"Effects of gaseous and solid constituents of air pollution on endothelial function","volume":"39","author":"Munzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu458","article-title":"Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"Newby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3047","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a prospective study of a Dutch cohort","volume":"126","author":"Downward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5818","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of myocardial infarction: A danish nurse cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Cramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3857","article-title":"Associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution, and road traffic noise with cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"127","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105004","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction: a population-based study of 5.1 million Canadian adults living in Ontario","volume":"132","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57010","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10556","article-title":"Source-specific air pollution including ultrafine particles and risk of myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study from Denmark","volume":"131","author":"Poulsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy194","article-title":"Associations of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide with increased incidence of congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"188","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408565","article-title":"Associations of mortality with long-term exposures to fine and ultrafine particles, species and sources: results from the California Teachers Study cohort","volume":"123","author":"Ostro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e620","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00195-9","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-level ambient air pollution and incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of six European cohorts within the ELAPSE project","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107012","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4757","article-title":"Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution, black carbon, and their source components in relation to ischemic heart disease and stroke","volume":"127","author":"Ljungman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145614","article-title":"Source contributions to multiple toxic potentials of atmospheric organic aerosols","volume":"773","author":"Fushimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00532-5","article-title":"Transportation noise pollution and cardiovascular disease","volume":"18","author":"Munzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118990","article-title":"Green space and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494815575193","article-title":"Danish nationwide registers for public health and health-related research","volume":"43","author":"Erlangsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.10.036","article-title":"Development and performance evaluation of new AirGIS\u2014a GIS based air pollution and human exposure modelling system","volume":"198","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119334","article-title":"Evaluation of multidecadal high-resolution atmospheric chemistry transport modelling for exposure assessments in the continental Nordic countries","volume":"290","author":"Frohn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118631","article-title":"Modelling ultrafine particle number concentrations at address resolution in Denmark from 1979\u20132018\u2014part 1: regional and urban scale modelling and evaluation","volume":"264","author":"Frohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118633","article-title":"Modelling ultrafine particle number concentrations at address resolution in Denmark from 1979 to 2018\u2014part 2: local and street scale modelling and evaluation","volume":"264","author":"Ketzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEP.2011.047337","article-title":"Evaluation of AirGIS: a GIS-based air pollution and human exposure modelling system","volume":"47","author":"Ketzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Pollution"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000014","article-title":"Evaluation of the Danish AirGIS air pollution modeling system against measured concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and black carbon","volume":"2","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B23","article-title":"Spatial high-resolution distribution of emissions to air -SPREAD 3.0. Aarhus University, DCE\u2014Danish Centre for Environment and Energy","author":"Plejdrup"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00216-8","article-title":"The Nordic prediction method for road traffic noise","volume":"235","author":"Bendtsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B25","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Road traffic noise\u2014an estimate of prediction uncertainty (in Swedish)","author":"Str\u00f6m","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B26","author":"Levin"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409276","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)","volume":"123","author":"Crouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0609OC","article-title":"Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in California","volume":"188","author":"Jerrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112714","article-title":"Air pollution at the residence of Danish adults, by socio-demographic characteristics, morbidity, and address level characteristics","volume":"208","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115905","article-title":"Air pollution and myocardial infarction; effect modification by sociodemographic and environmental factors. A cohort study from Denmark","volume":"229","author":"Poulsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111975","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a national cohort study","volume":"204","author":"Olaniyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00769-0","article-title":"Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort","volume":"20","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab068","article-title":"Residential exposure to traffic-borne pollution as a risk factor for acute cardiocerebrovascular events: a population-based retrospective cohort study in a highly urbanized area","volume":"50","author":"Magnoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205284","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and incidence of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"121","author":"Madrigano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5809","article-title":"Exposure to road traffic noise and incidence of acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure: a population-based cohort study in Toronto, Canada","volume":"128","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113666","article-title":"Manuscript title: long horizontal line term residential exposure to environmental\/transportation noise and the incidence of myocardial infarction","volume":"232","author":"Yankoty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107427","article-title":"Associations of private residential gardens versus other greenspace types with cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality: observational evidence from UK Biobank","volume":"167","author":"Roscoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1102","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00689.2020","article-title":"Residential proximity to greenness mitigates the hemodynamic effects of ambient air pollution","volume":"320","author":"Riggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107341","article-title":"Exposure to surrounding greenness and natural-cause and cause-specific mortality in the ELAPSE pooled cohort","volume":"166","author":"Bereziartua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024092100011897500_zwad306-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111886","article-title":"The effect of adjustment to register-based and questionnaire-based covariates on the association between air pollution and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"203","author":"Sorensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad306\/51838786\/zwad306.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/31\/1\/131\/54908304\/zwad306.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/31\/1\/131\/54908304\/zwad306.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:01:30Z","timestamp":1726876890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article\/31\/1\/131\/7279957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-4873","2047-4881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-4873","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-4881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}}}