{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1792630237951,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005075","name":"University Medical Center Groningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite treatment advancements, cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Identifying new targets is crucial for enhancing preventive and therapeutic strategies. The gut microbiome has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), however our understanding of specific changes during CAD development remains limited. We aimed to investigate microbiome changes in participants without clinically manifest CAD with different cardiovascular risk levels and in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, we characterized the gut microbiome using metagenomics of 411 faecal samples from individuals with low (n = 130), intermediate (n = 130), and high (n = 125) cardiovascular risk based on the Framingham score, and STEMI patients (n = 26). We analysed diversity, and differential abundance of species and functional pathways while accounting for confounders including medication and technical covariates. Collinsella stercoris, Flavonifractor plautii, and Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans showed increased abundances with cardiovascular risk, while Streptococcus thermophilus was negatively associated. Differential abundance analysis revealed eight species and 49 predicted metabolic pathways that were differently abundant among the groups. In the gut microbiome of STEMI patients, there was a depletion of pathways linked to vitamin, lipid, and amino acid biosynthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified four microbial species showing a gradual trend in abundance from low-risk individuals to those with STEMI, and observed differential abundant species and pathways in STEMI patients compared to those without clinically manifest CAD. Further investigation is warranted to gain deeper understanding of their precise role in CAD progression and potential implications, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T05:34:07Z","timestamp":1701927247000},"page":"935-944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The gut microbiome across the cardiovascular risk spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke M","family":"Prins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Collij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde E","family":"Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9768-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes R","family":"Bj\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-9193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Casper","family":"Swarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Andreu-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics , Groningen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadien H","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics , Groningen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2725-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermie J M","family":"Harmsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Zhernakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Lipsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2713-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pim","family":"van der Harst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The 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