{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:50:40Z","timestamp":1783025440224,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Precision Health Center for Optimized Cardiac Care"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the current paper, we aim to explore the effect of both current and former long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use on regulation of systemic inflammatory markers and mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and their association with hormones and echocardiographic myocardial pathology in weightlifters.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a cross-sectional study, 93 weightlifting AAS users, of whom 62 were current and 31 were past users, with at least 1-year cumulative AAS use (mean 11 \u00b1 7 accumulated years of AAS use), were compared with 54 non-using weightlifting controls (WLCs) using clinical interview, blood pressure measurements, and echocardiography. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, sex hormones, and lipids were analysed. It was found that serum levels of IL-8, GDF-15, and MMP-9 were significantly increased in current AAS users compared with former users and WLCs. Matrix metalloproteinase 9, but not IL-8, correlated consistently with sex hormone levels, and sex hormone levels correlated consistently with mean wall thickness, in current users. Moreover, HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in current vs. former AAS users and significantly inversely correlated with MMP-9 in current users. Further, in current users, MMP-9 and IL-8 correlated with markers of myocardial strain, and MMP-9 also correlated with indices of cardiac mass, which was not seen in former users. Mediation analyses suggested that MMP-9 could partly explain hormone-induced alterations in markers of myocardial damage in current users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term AAS is associated with increased levels of markers of inflammation and ECM remodelling, which seems to have a hormone-dependent (MMP-9) and a hormone-independent (IL-8) association with markers of myocardial dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:29:55Z","timestamp":1712190595000},"page":"1469-1476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Elevated interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels are associated with myocardial pathology in users of anabolic-androgenic steroids"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Gregersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan Elizabeth","family":"Scarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section of Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital , Sognsvannsveien 21, 0372 Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rang","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section of Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital , Sognsvannsveien 21, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"ProCardio Center for Research-Based Innovation, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per Medb\u00f8e","family":"Thorsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker , Trondheimsveien 235,0586 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker , Trondheimsveien 235, 0586 Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa E","family":"Hauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section of Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital , Sognsvannsveien 21, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"National Centre for Epilepsy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital , Henriksens vei, Sandvika , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina H","family":"Haugaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProCardio Center for Research-Based Innovation, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Lund","family":"Sagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika E","family":"Michelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thor","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway , Universitetsvegen 57, 9019 Troms\u00f8 , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thor","family":"Edvardsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProCardio Center for Research-Based Innovation, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 166, 0450, Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Aukrust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Kirkeveien 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