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The prevalence of risk factors and related relative risks were combined to quantify PAFs. The PAF of the six risk factors combined for global CVD was 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47\u20130.65], 0.52 (0.39\u20130.62), and 0.39 (0.18\u20130.54) in three respective epochs. Hypertension contributed the highest PAF to global CVD in Epoch 1990s (0.37, 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.44) and 2000s (0.34, 95% CI: 0.22\u20130.43), while smoking was the largest contributor in Epoch 2010s (0.20, 95% CI: 0.06\u20130.32). Dyslipidaemia changed population-level coronary heart disease risk over time. For stroke, hypertension became a less significant contributor over time, but smoking became a larger contributor. For heart failure, all risk factors showed non-significant PAFs in Epoch 2010s. PAFs related to individual risk factor varied among women and men.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six modifiable risk factors to population-level global CVD risk decreased over time, but still explained 39% of total CVD in the latest decade. PAFs changed considerably for hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and smoking. Risk factors had different PAFs for different CVDs with pronounced sex differences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T13:58:36Z","timestamp":1719410316000},"page":"1724-1733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Trends in population attributable fraction of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases across three decades"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Office Na-2714, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam CA 3000 ,","place":["The 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