{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:36:46Z","timestamp":1793425006200,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Area R&D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B020227005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020227005"]}]},{"name":"Climbing Plan of Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","award":["DFJH2020022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFJH2020022"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular disease","award":["2020B111117011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B111117011"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention","award":["2017B030314041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B030314041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex differences in the long-term prognosis of heart failure (HF) remain controversial, and there is a lack of comprehensive pooling of the sex differences in outcomes of HF. This study aims to characterize the sex differences in the long-term prognosis of HF and explore whether these differences vary by age, HF course, left ventricular ejection fraction, region, period of study, study design, and follow-up duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted using Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, from 1 January 1990 to 31 March 2024. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality (ACM), and the secondary outcomes included cardiovascular mortality (CVM), hospitalization for HF (HHF), all-cause hospitalization, a composite of ACM and HHF, and a composite of CVM and HHF. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. Ninety-four studies (comprising 96 cohorts) were included in the meta-analysis, representing 706,247 participants (56.5% were men; the mean age was 71.0 years). Female HF patients had a lower risk of ACM (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.80, 0.85; I2 = 84.9%), CVM (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.79, 0.89; I2 = 70.7%), HHF (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.89, 0.98; I2 = 84.0%), and composite endpoints (ACM + HHF: HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.83, 0.95; I2 = 80.0%; CVM + HHF: HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.77, 0.93; I2 = 87.9%) compared with males. Subgroup analysis revealed that the lower risk of mortality observed in women was more pronounced among individuals with long-course HF (i.e. chronic HF, follow-up duration &amp;gt; 2 years) or recruited in the randomized controlled trials (P for interaction &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female HF patients had a better prognosis compared with males, with lower risks of ACM, CVM, HHF, and composite endpoints. Despite the underrepresentation of female populations in HF clinical trials, their mortality benefits tended to be lower than in real-world settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO: CRD42024526100<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T17:31:21Z","timestamp":1722619881000},"page":"2013-2023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Sex differences in long-term heart failure prognosis: a comprehensive meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2206-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weida","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingqing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hypertension Research Laboratory, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University , No. 106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121018001021900_zwae256-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00797-4","article-title":"Gender medicine: effects of sex and gender on cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Regitz-Zagrosek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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