{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:14:02Z","timestamp":1793736842246,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015652","name":"Barts Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MGU0504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MGU0504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to study the association of five key neighbourhood exposures in large cohort studies and risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase from database inception to 20th October 2024. Included studies reported both incident (first-time) CVD diagnosis and neighbourhood exposures across five domains: retail environment, health services, physical environment, pollution, and neighbourhood deprivation. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled risk of CVD across domains. Of 39 studies included in the systematic review, 28 qualified for meta-analysis representing over 41 million people. The most frequently examined exposures were air pollution (n = 17), followed by noise pollution (n = 9), socioeconomic (n = 6), green and blue spaces (n = 3), and health and retail environments (n = 4). Higher concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 {PM2.5; hazard ratio (HR): 1.16 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.09\u20131.24] per 10 \u00b5g\/m\u00b3 increase}, higher nitrogen dioxide [NO2; HR: 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02\u20131.07) per 10 ppb increase], road traffic noise [risk ratio (RR): 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02\u20131.05) per 10 dB increase], and high neighbourhood-level deprivation [RR: 1.24 (95% CI: 1.17\u20131.31) vs. low] were each associated with increased risk of incident CVD development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate a modest yet significant increase in CVD risk associated with elevated levels of air pollution, road noise, and neighbourhood deprivation, emphasizing these exposures as consequential targets for policy intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  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