{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:14:35Z","timestamp":1793412875872,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001674","name":"Leducq Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22CVD04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22CVD04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) are increasingly recognized. These are traditionally attributed to hormonal influences, but recent evidence underscores the potential role of sex chromosomes. This review describes the involvement of sex chromosomes in CVD, through loss of chromosomes, genetic variation, and altered expression. Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLoY) is the most well-characterized mechanism linking sex chromosomes to CVD, with substantial evidence in heart failure. Also, the involvement of mLoY in CVD mechanisms, such as myocardial fibrosis and cardiac macrophage infiltration, both mediated by transforming growth factor beta signalling, has been demonstrated. The mLoY could serve as a biomarker or a causal factor for CVD, with potential implications for risk stratification and therapeutic intervention. X chromosome inactivation escape, which leads to higher expression of specific X-linked genes in females, holds additional promise as an explanation for sex differences in CVD. Animal models have already provided insight into the mechanisms underpinned by this phenomenon, but further research is needed to clarify its impact on cardiovascular outcomes in humans. Overall, this review underscores the complexity of sex chromosome\u2013related mechanisms in CVD and the need to further unravel their role in disease aetiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T07:41:02Z","timestamp":1744357262000},"page":"316-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sex chromosomes and cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3815-4991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna E","family":"Spiering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9271-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phebe J","family":"Groenheide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5298-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Mokry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N Charlotte","family":"Onland-Moret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mete","family":"Civelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia , 200 Jeanette Lancaster Way, Charlottesville, VA 22903 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7487-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Reue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , 695 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Diez Benavente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hester M","family":"den Ruijter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age\u2013sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"385","author":"Naghavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in women: clinical perspectives","volume":"118","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014733","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014733","article-title":"Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"van Oosterhout","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587888","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.587888","article-title":"Sex and gender matters to the heart","volume":"7","author":"Den Ruijter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00797-4","article-title":"Gender medicine: effects of sex and gender on cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Regitz-Zagrosek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.320259","article-title":"Illuminating the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease","volume":"130","author":"Reue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.07.003","article-title":"The impact of chromosomal sex on cardiometabolic health and disease","volume":"34","author":"Wiese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.021","article-title":"Genetics of cardiovascular disease: importance of sex and ethnicity","volume":"241","author":"Winham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13206","article-title":"Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators","volume":"508","author":"Bellott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.04.009","article-title":"Exclusionary: 10 years later, where are the sex chromosomes in GWASs?","volume":"110","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21782","article-title":"How to include chromosome X in your genome-wide association study","volume":"38","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.02.081","article-title":"Dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy","volume":"67","author":"Kamdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24002","article-title":"The X-linked filaminopathies: synergistic insights from clinical and molecular analysis","volume":"41","author":"Wade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.959619","article-title":"KCNE5 (KCNE1L) variants are novel modulators of Brugada syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Ohno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.12.024","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in Fabry disease: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"77","author":"Pieroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-23","article-title":"Barth syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.897","article-title":"Glycerol kinase deficiency in adults: description of 4 novel cases, systematic review and development of a clinical diagnostic score","volume":"315","author":"Lamiquiz-Moneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.317664","article-title":"Limited effect of Y chromosome variation on coronary artery disease and mortality in UK biobank - brief report","volume":"42","author":"Timmers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.5.731","article-title":"Association of the human Y chromosome with high blood pressure in the general population","volume":"36","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1161\/hy0202.103413","article-title":"The Y chromosome effect on blood pressure in two European populations","volume":"39","author":"Charchar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-004-1221-8","article-title":"Non-recombining chromosome Y haplogroups and centromeric HindIII RFLP in relation to blood pressure in 2,743 middle-aged Caucasian men from the UK","volume":"116","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.10.003","article-title":"HindIII(+\/-) polymorphism of the Y chromosome, blood pressure, and serum lipids: no evidence of association in three white populations","volume":"19","author":"Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068155","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of human Y chromosome and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: a study in WOBASZ cohort","volume":"8","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000113291.39267.0a","article-title":"Association of the human Y chromosome with cholesterol levels in the general population","volume":"24","author":"Charchar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20376","article-title":"Association between genetic variation in the Y chromosome and hypertension in myocardial infarction patients","volume":"122 A","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.168641","article-title":"Genetic variants of Y chromosome are associated with a protective lipid profile in black men","volume":"28","author":"Russo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2014.0020","article-title":"Evidence for contribution of the Y chromosome in atherosclerotic plaque occurrence in men","volume":"18","author":"Voskarides","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.25.1","article-title":"Lack of association between Y chromosome Alu insertion polymorphism and hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Shoji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.31.1687","article-title":"Effects of the Y chromosome on cardiovascular risk factors in Japanese men","volume":"31","author":"Hiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13437","article-title":"Male-specific risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis: a phylogenetic analysis of the Y chromosome","volume":"14","author":"de Haan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61453-0","article-title":"Inheritance of coronary artery disease in men: an analysis of the role of the Y chromosome","volume":"379","author":"Charchar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.027","article-title":"Associations of Y chromosomal haplogroups with cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical vascular measures in males during childhood and adolescence","volume":"274","author":"O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301608","article-title":"Male-specific region of the Y chromosome and cardiovascular risk phylogenetic analysis and gene expression studies","volume":"33","author":"Bloomer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.011","article-title":"Genetic variation within the Y chromosome is not associated with histological characteristics of the atherosclerotic carotid artery or aneurysmal wall","volume":"259","author":"Haitjema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312405","article-title":"Human Y chromosome exerts pleiotropic effects on susceptibility to atherosclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Eales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117279","article-title":"Sex differences in the genetic and molecular mechanisms of coronary artery disease","volume":"384","author":"Sakkers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw037","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis of self-reported events in 6135 individuals and 252 827 controls identifies 8 loci associated with thrombosis","volume":"25","author":"Hinds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0519-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease","volume":"51","author":"Klarin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000435","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic association studies identify 16 novel susceptibility loci for venous thromboembolism","volume":"134","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0640-3","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide association study in a Japanese population identifies novel susceptibility loci across different diseases","volume":"52","author":"Ishigaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00931-x","article-title":"A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes","volume":"53","author":"Sakaue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01891-3","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide association study of coronary artery disease in genetically diverse populations","volume":"28","author":"Tcheandjieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031792","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing association analyses of stroke and its subtypes in ancestrally diverse populations from trans-omics for precision medicine project","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100192","article-title":"Global biobank meta-analysis initiative: powering genetic discovery across human disease","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01284-9","article-title":"Cross-ancestry genome-wide analysis of atrial fibrillation unveils disease biology and enables cardioembolic risk prediction","volume":"55","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35278","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35278","article-title":"No association of coronary artery disease with X-chromosomal variants in comprehensive international meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Loley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00651-z","article-title":"Incident disease associations with mosaic chromosomal alterations on autosomes, X and Y chromosomes: insights from a phenome-wide association study in the UK Biobank","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036984","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.036984","article-title":"Associations between mosaic loss of sex chromosomes and incident hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United Kingdom","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07533-7","article-title":"Genetic drivers and cellular selection of female mosaic X chromosome loss","volume":"631","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0321-x","article-title":"Insights into clonal haematopoiesis from 8,342 mosaic chromosomal alterations","volume":"559","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001544","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.116.001544","article-title":"Loss of Y chromosome in blood is associated with major cardiovascular events during follow-up in men after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"10","author":"Haitjema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S202188","article-title":"Y chromosome loss is associated with age-related male patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn3100","article-title":"Hematopoietic loss of Y chromosome leads to cardiac fibrosis and heart failure mortality","volume":"377","author":"Sano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad093","article-title":"Mosaic loss of Y chromosome in monocytes is associated with lower survival after transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"44","author":"Mas-Peiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043551","article-title":"Mosaic loss of chromosome Y is associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke","volume":"54","author":"Dorvall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069139","article-title":"Loss of Y chromosome and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease","volume":"150","author":"Weyrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Cremer","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.30.24310319"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011681","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011681","article-title":"Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome is enriched in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and associated with increased mortality","volume":"17","author":"Thel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30759-1","article-title":"Predictors of mosaic chromosome Y loss and associations with mortality in the UK Biobank","volume":"8","author":"Loftfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59963-8","article-title":"Mosaic chromosome Y loss is associated with alterations in blood cell counts in UK Biobank men","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00441-z","article-title":"Disruption of the Uty epigenetic regulator locus in hematopoietic cells phenocopies the profibrotic attributes of Y chromosome loss in heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Horitani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24265","article-title":"Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues","volume":"550","author":"Tukiainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78263","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78263","article-title":"Age acquired skewed X chromosome inactivation is associated with adverse health outcomes in humans","volume":"11","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.5.1596.h81702001596_1596_1601","article-title":"Predictive values of X-chromosome inactivation patterns and clinicohematologic parameters for vascular complications in female patients with essential thrombocythemia","volume":"100","author":"Shih","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-023-00527-6","article-title":"X chromosome inactivation skewing is common in advanced carotid atherosclerotic lesions in females and predicts secondary peripheral artery events","volume":"14","author":"Buono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes7040029","article-title":"Out of the silence: insights into how genes Escape X-chromosome inactivation","volume":"7","author":"Peeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epigenomes"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.629337","article-title":"The X-chromosome has a different pattern of gene expression in women compared with men with ischemic stroke","volume":"43","author":"Stamova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B69","first-page":"117","article-title":"Sex and age dimorphism of myocardial gene expression in nonischemic human heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Fermin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp549","article-title":"The gene expression profile of patients with new-onset heart failure reveals important gender-specific differences","volume":"31","author":"Heidecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0240-z","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the heart of mice and men","volume":"86","author":"Isensee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054108","article-title":"Genes that escape X chromosome inactivation modulate sex differences in valve myofibroblasts","volume":"145","author":"Aguado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-023-00762-2","article-title":"Angiotensin II increases oxidative stress and inflammation in female, but not male, endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Bioeng"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5688","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140223","article-title":"X chromosome dosage of histone demethylase KDM5C determines sex differences in adiposity","volume":"130","author":"Link","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021723135870700_zwaf224-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02120-3","article-title":"X chromosome escapee genes are involved in ischemic sexual dimorphism through epigenetic modification of inflammatory signals","volume":"18","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf224\/62929698\/zwaf224.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/33\/3\/316\/62929698\/zwaf224.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/33\/3\/316\/62929698\/zwaf224.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T04:14:09Z","timestamp":1771388049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article\/33\/3\/316\/8113567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf224","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-4873","2047-4881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-4873","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-4881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]}}}