{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:18:56Z","timestamp":1792613936771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>What we eat is a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, but health professionals may not have a clear understanding of the current evidence-based research to underpin eating habits and recommendations. This study aims to appraise existing evidence-based research on the importance of diet on CVD risk biomarkers, specifically, the effects of dietary patterns, specific foods, and constituents including vitamins\/minerals and plant-derived bioactive compounds on CVD risk. Plant-based dietary patterns rich in minimally processed foods, vegetables, and fruits reduce CVD risk, while patterns rich in ultra-processed foods, meat, salt, sugar, and saturated fat increase risk. The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and vegetarian diets reduce CVD risk, while vegan diets offer no additional benefit. Low-carbohydrate diets may be beneficial, but their long-term effect remains to be confirmed. Balanced distribution of caloric intake through different meals is associated with favourable effects. Fasting (e.g. alternate-day, intermittent, time-restricted, and periodic) can reduce CVD risk but is often challenging. Moderate coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk of CVD. The consumption of one unit of alcohol\/day may contribute to a reduced cardiovascular risk without presenting an unfavourable risk profile. Generally, there is no evidence that vitamin and mineral supplementation reduces CVD risk. High potassium intake is beneficial in healthy individuals, calcium or selenium supplementation shows no added benefit, and high sodium intake is detrimental. Diet is a major component of CVD prevention, and health professionals should include dietary assessment and evidence-based recommendations in their clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T08:49:48Z","timestamp":1747817388000},"page":"1540-1552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Diet and nutrition in cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology and the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing &amp; Allied Professions of the European Society of Cardiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Tsampasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bob Champion Research and Education, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich NR4 7UQ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , Department of Cardiology, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0048-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aedin","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Food Security, Queen\u2019s University Belfast , University Road, Belfast BT9 5DL ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6103-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Biondi-Zoccai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University , Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina 04100 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital , Cotignola ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Chrysohoou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens , Athens 11527 ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Koskinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-4227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W M Monique","family":"Verschuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Service, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw 51-616 ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Group of Research in Care (GRUPAC), Faculty of Health Science, University of La Rioja, Logro\u00f1o ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Kavousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1558-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matina","family":"Kouvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilios S","family":"Vassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bob Champion Research and Education, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich NR4 7UQ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , Department of Cardiology, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8583-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Panagiotakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad057","article-title":"Promotion of healthy nutrition in primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention: a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"30","author":"Vassiliou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011718","article-title":"Foods, nutrients, and dietary patterns: interconnections and implications for dietary guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Tapsell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5045-1","article-title":"Socio-demographic and lifestyle determinants of dietary patterns in French-speaking Switzerland, 2009\u20132012","volume":"18","author":"Marques-Vidal","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12992","article-title":"Clustering analysis and machine learning algorithms in the prediction of dietary patterns: cross-sectional results of the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (Elsa-Brasil)","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e731","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.731","article-title":"The individual-level effects of social media campaigns related to healthy eating, physical activity, and healthy weight: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Sci Pract"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173778","article-title":"The relationship between diet and the occurrence of depressive symptoms in a community example with high rates of social deprivation: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Nowicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.089029","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of dietary patterns in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"May\u00e9n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960922","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.960922","article-title":"Fad diets: facts and fiction","volume":"9","author":"Tahreem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad336","article-title":"Red meat consumption, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the anthropocene: the eat-lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.02.004","article-title":"Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health","volume":"28","author":"Satija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular health","volume":"124","author":"Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8758","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238758","article-title":"Updating the Mediterranean diet pyramid towards sustainability: focus on environmental concerns","volume":"17","author":"Serra-Majem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.58","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials","volume":"72","author":"Dinu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.073","article-title":"The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individuals","volume":"57","author":"Kastorini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003169","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score","volume":"17","author":"Sofi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B17","first-page":"CD009825","article-title":"Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Rees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab154","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"29","author":"Visseren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05894-8","article-title":"Evidence-based European recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867331666230706102406","article-title":"The efficacy of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Sahebkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020338","article-title":"DASH dietary pattern and cardiometabolic outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"11","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02942-8","article-title":"Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"62","author":"Dybvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030088","article-title":"Low-calorie vegetarian versus Mediterranean diets for reducing body weight and improving cardiovascular risk profile: cardiveg study (cardiovascular prevention with vegetarian diet)","volume":"137","author":"Sofi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B24","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Nutritional composition of ultra-processed plant-based foods in the out-of-home environment: a multi-country survey with plant-based burgers","volume":"131","author":"Vellinga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107232","article-title":"Similarities and differences between vegetarians and vegans in motives for meat-free and plant-based diets","volume":"195","author":"Dhont","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106544","article-title":"Moral emotions and justifying beliefs about meat, fish, dairy and egg consumption: a comparative study of dietary groups","volume":"186","author":"Ioannidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2024.100868","article-title":"Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors and disease prevention: an umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"20","author":"Landry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123774","article-title":"The effect of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on weight loss and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chawla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.3.362","article-title":"Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange","volume":"34","author":"Jenkins","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32252-3","article-title":"Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study","volume":"390","author":"Dehghan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0225348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225348","article-title":"The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.01.009","article-title":"Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: a meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Soto-Mota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies","volume":"153","author":"Fung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007123","article-title":"Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease and mortality","volume":"384","author":"Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102402","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and cardiovascular risk\u2014state of the art review","volume":"49","author":"Popiolek-Kalisz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","article-title":"2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the Easd","volume":"41","author":"Cosentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab040","article-title":"Effect of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet vs recommended diets in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Rafiullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.100924","article-title":"Association of a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet with plasma lipid levels and cardiovascular risk","volume":"3","author":"Iatan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.01.017","article-title":"Effects of ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets on the body composition of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"46","author":"Leung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12785","article-title":"Hunter-gatherers as models in public health","volume":"19","author":"Pontzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.038","article-title":"The effect of meal frequency on biochemical cardiometabolic factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.038","article-title":"The effect of meal frequency on biochemical cardiometabolic factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010272","article-title":"Association between breakfast skipping and body weight-a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational longitudinal studies","volume":"13","author":"Wicherski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000257","article-title":"Breakfast skipping and the risk of Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"18","author":"Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22791","article-title":"Breakfast skipping, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"28","author":"Bonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO05705D","article-title":"Breakfast skipping and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuu017","article-title":"Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Jon Schoenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100165","article-title":"Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus regular diet on fat loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and olderly people without metabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108226","article-title":"A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on glucometabolic markers in healthy subjects","volume":"165","author":"Faris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625240","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.625240","article-title":"Effects of Ramadan and non-Ramadan intermittent fasting on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Correia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.05.002","article-title":"Does four-week consecutive, dawn-to-sunset intermittent fasting during Ramadan affect cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy adults? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"31","author":"Jahrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.081745","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger","volume":"100","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6030030","article-title":"Skipping breakfast and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies in primary prevention settings","volume":"6","author":"Ofori-Asenso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96-e121","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000476","article-title":"Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"St-Onge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz076","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of breakfast skipping links clock regulation with food timing","volume":"110","author":"Dashti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2146705","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.46705","article-title":"Evaluation of the quality of evidence of the association of foods and nutrients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031","article-title":"2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2019.10.002","article-title":"Chemical composition and health properties of coffee and coffee by-products","volume":"91","author":"de Melo Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac189","article-title":"The impact of coffee subtypes on incident cardiovascular disease, arrhythmias, and mortality: long-term outcomes from the UK Biobank","volume":"29","author":"Chieng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu194","article-title":"Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Crippa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa177","article-title":"Caffeinated coffee consumption and health outcomes in the US population: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis and estimation of disease cases and deaths avoided","volume":"12","author":"Di Maso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1845","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae552","article-title":"Habitual coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption, circulating metabolites, and the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity","volume":"110","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026477","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026477","article-title":"Coffee and green tea consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality among people with and without hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Teramoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-2977","article-title":"Association of sugar-sweetened, artificially sweetened, and unsweetened coffee consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study","volume":"175","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1311","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women","volume":"166","author":"Pereira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072218","article-title":"Coffee consumption and cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000335","article-title":"Appraisal of the causal effect of plasma caffeine on adiposity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: two sample Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"2","author":"Larsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B68","volume-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015\u20132020","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Agriculture","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.03.007","article-title":"Effects of moderate beer consumption on health and disease: a consensus document","volume":"26","author":"de Gaetano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.375","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"78","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7820-z","article-title":"The protective effect of alcohol consumption on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases: is it real? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted in community settings","volume":"20","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21224","article-title":"Alcohol intake and blood pressure levels: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of nonexperimental cohort studies","volume":"80","author":"Di Federico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B73","volume-title":"Alcohol Drinks and the Risk of Cancer","author":"World Cancer Research Fund International","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30134-X","article-title":"Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies","volume":"391","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1650","article-title":"Effects of initiating moderate alcohol intake on cardiometabolic risk in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized, controlled trial","volume":"163","author":"Gepner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.04.021","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular health","volume":"135","author":"Krittanawong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad364","article-title":"Drinking patterns of alcohol and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after an acute coronary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Tessitore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15650","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"327","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01998-3","article-title":"Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa082","article-title":"Vitamin K status, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a participant-level meta-analysis of 3 US cohorts","volume":"111","author":"Shea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137533","article-title":"Efficacy of supplementation with B vitamins for stroke prevention: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003768","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003768","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B83","first-page":"CD011114","article-title":"Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Al-Khudairy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B84","first-page":"CD015207","article-title":"Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women","volume":"8","author":"Brand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004210","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004210","article-title":"Meta-analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke","volume":"5","author":"Vinceti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1378","article-title":"Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"346","author":"Aburto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.017","article-title":"Dietary sodium, sodium-to-potassium ratio, and risk of stroke: a systematic review and nonlinear dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Jayedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab001","article-title":"Total, dietary, and supplemental magnesium intakes and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Bagheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.09.002","article-title":"Dietary intake of heme iron and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad195","article-title":"2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"44","author":"McDonagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B91","first-page":"CD011148","article-title":"Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2015","author":"Hartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24309","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.24309","article-title":"Role of thiamine supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e074511","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074511","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B(2), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid in adults with essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2023.110591","article-title":"Effects of vitamin B(12) deficiency on risk and outcome of ischemic stroke","volume":"118","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105230","article-title":"The origin of vitamin B12 levels and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer specific mortality: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102934","article-title":"Dietary sodium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.136051","article-title":"The role of metabolism (and the microbiome) in defining the clinical efficacy of dietary flavonoids","volume":"105","author":"Cassidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073106","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and all-cause mortality","volume":"101","author":"Ivey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01118E","article-title":"An overview and update on the epidemiology of flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"11","author":"Parmenter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.10.015","article-title":"The what and who of dietary lignans in human health: special focus on prooxidant and antioxidant effects","volume":"106","author":"Soleymani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02495-0","article-title":"Dietary lignans, plasma enterolactone levels, and metabolic risk in men: exploring the role of the gut microbiome","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1099","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease-related and all-cause death according to serum concentrations of enterolactone: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study","volume":"163","author":"Vanharanta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab053","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and risk of coronary artery disease: a prospective study among US men and women","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104622","article-title":"Effect of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile: an updated systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of sixty-two randomized controlled trials","volume":"152","author":"Hadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.004","article-title":"Concerted redox modulation by sulforaphane alleviates diabetes and cardiometabolic syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2012.665043","article-title":"Effect of broccoli sprouts on insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S164497","article-title":"Intake of glucosinolates and risk of coronary heart disease in three large prospective cohorts of US men and women","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599959","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.599959","article-title":"Phytosterols: from preclinical evidence to potential clinical applications","volume":"11","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107765","article-title":"The willingness to transition to a more plant-based diet among omnivores: determinants and socioeconomic differences","volume":"206","author":"Lehmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2026080911303127400_zwaf310-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385173","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1385173","article-title":"Australians\u2019 willingness to change their discretionary food intake: findings from the CSIRO junk food analyser","volume":"12","author":"Mauch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf310\/63478995\/zwaf310.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/32\/16\/1540\/63478995\/zwaf310.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article-pdf\/32\/16\/1540\/63478995\/zwaf310.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T15:30:47Z","timestamp":1786289447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/article\/32\/16\/1540\/8161061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf310","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-4873","2047-4881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-4873","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-4881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}