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epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and alterations in cardiac geometry and function are mainly derived from older adults. In this cross-sectional study, we examined whether these relations are also seen in the young and middle-aged study population of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiography was performed (N = 1667), and echocardiographic metrics were derived according to European Association of Echocardiography guidelines. EAT thickness was measured from parasternal long-axis echocardiograms at end-systole. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to study the associations between EAT thickness and echocardiographic metrics. Possible effect modification by sex was analysed. Direct associations were observed between higher EAT and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness parameters [(LV mean (back-transformed \u03b2 = 0.72%, P = 0.002), relative (back-transformed \u03b2 = 0.64%, P = 0.002) and posterior wall thickness (\u03b2 = 0.0005, P = 0.0002)] and left atrium (LA) size (\u03b2 = 0.02, P = 0.001), while an inverse association of higher EAT and decreased mitral annular velocity (e\u2032) (back-transformed \u03b2 = \u22121.0%, P = 0.02) was found after adjustments for age, sex, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest associations between EAT thickness, increased LV wall thickness, LA size, and decreased mitral annular velocity in early adulthood. The observed alterations in these specific cardiac metrics are particularly known as early structural alterations linked with obesity-related LV concentric remodelling and relaxation abnormalities. Thus, EAT may contribute in cardiac subclinical remodelling initiating in early adulthood, which may lead to various cardiovascular outcomes later in life. However, due to the modest effect sizes observed, further studies are required to assess the magnitude of these associations over long-term follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1751355728000},"page":"1643-1652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of epicardial adipose tissue thickness and cardiac structure and function in early midlife: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behnoush","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0911-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi P","family":"Rovio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saku","family":"Ruohonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Orion Pharma , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Mykk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2555-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terho","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University , Tampere ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2174-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eero","family":"Jokinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Tossavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomi P","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University , Tampere ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6452-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma S","family":"Viikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-4397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Pahkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Paavo Nurmi Centre, Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli T","family":"Raitakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Applied and Preventive 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