{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:25:31Z","timestamp":1788445531074,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Elite athletes are widely perceived to possess exceptional cardiovascular health due to their high levels of physical activity. However, emerging evidence suggests that among the established cardiovascular risk factors, dyslipidemia remains prevalent and frequently under-recognized in this population. Despite their athletic status, elite competitors, including Olympic and Paralympic athletes, may exhibit lipid abnormalities influenced by a complex interplay of factors such as sport type, training intensity, gender, ethnicity and disability status. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of dyslipidemia in elite athletes, exploring its prevalence, contributing physiological and lifestyle factors, clinical consequences and current approaches to assessment and management. Special attention is given to population-specific considerations, including gender, sport type and ethnicity. The limitations of general population cardiovascular risk scores in this context are discussed, with a focus on the need for athlete-specific tools such as the proposed \u2018Lipid Athlete Score.\u2019 Management strategies, ranging from lifestyle modification to the cautious use of pharmacologic agents and emerging nutraceutical interventions, are critically evaluated. Finally, the review highlights gaps in current research and outlines future directions, emphasizing the importance of tailored, evidence-based approaches to preserve cardiovascular health and athletic longevity in this unique population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T17:37:23Z","timestamp":1758562643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fit but not immune from the risk: the hidden burden of dyslipidemia in elite athletes"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mihail","family":"Celeski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Lavisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, University of Ferrara , Via Gramicia, Ferrara 35\u201444123 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico Bernardo","family":"Loddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND)School of Sports Medicine and Physical Exercise, University of Palermo , via del Vespro 129\u201490127, Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Calandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , V.le Oxford, Roma 81\u201400133 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , V.le Oxford, Roma 81\u201400133 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee , Largo Piero Gabrielli, Roma 1 - 00197 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Crotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND)School of Sports Medicine and Physical Exercise, University of Palermo , via del Vespro 129\u201490127, Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan , Via Festa del Perdono, Milano 7 - 20122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Sposato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2624-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Volterrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Buzzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico , Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 200\u201300128 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7218-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Mistrulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome \u00a0 Roma 00185 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Jansiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro, Roma 5 - 00185 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Desiderio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro, Roma 5 - 00185 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria 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