{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:59:58Z","timestamp":1787497198377,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mr Brahm Steinberg and Mrs Carole Kastner Steinberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-intensity physical training induces cardiac remodelling, but data on the female athlete\u2019s heart are limited. We aimed to determine the normal echocardiographic (ECHO) and electrocardiographic (ECG) indices in young female athletes, compare them with female non-athletes and male athletes, and evaluate differences between female athletes of different races\/ethnicities and types of sports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched four databases for studies including female athletes aged 18\u201335. A meta-analysis compared cardiovascular indices between female athletes and the groups above. We included 41 quantitative studies enrolling 11 956 female athletes, 14 014 male athletes, and 549 female non-athletes. Mean age (95% confidence intervals) in years was 22.4 (21.5\u201323.3) for female athletes, 23.7 (22.3\u201325.0) for female non-athletes, and 22.3 (21.3\u201323.3) for male athletes. Female athletes had higher left ventricular end-diastolic volume index [72.5 (66.3\u201378.8) vs. 55.4 (46.4\u201364.7) mL\/m\u00b2, P = 0.001], left ventricular mass index (LVMi) [80.8 (75.9\u201385.7) vs. 62.1(56.6\u201367.6) g\/m\u00b2, P &amp;lt; 0.0001], and left atrial volume index [29.2 (25.4\u201332.9) vs. 22.4 (18.7\u201326.1) mL\/m\u00b2, P = 0.01] than female non-athletes. The LVMi was 21% higher in male athletes than female athletes [98.3 (89.7\u2013106.9) vs. 81.4 (76.6\u201386.2) g\/m2, P &amp;lt; 0.0001]. Black female athletes had more frequent T-wave inversions on ECG than other races\/ethnicities [15.2 (7.3\u201328.8) % of Black vs. 5.4 (2.9\u20139.9) % of White vs. 2.6 (0.7\u20139.9) % of Pacific Islanders vs. 0.7 (0.04\u20139.7) % of Metis, P = 0.04].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We confirmed sex-specific left ventricular remodelling, with more eccentric remodelling in female athletes. Black female athletes showed more T-wave inversions than female athletes of other races\/ethnicities. Our aggregate means of ECHO and ECG indices may serve as normative values for young female athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T12:54:31Z","timestamp":1764075271000},"page":"1332-1344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Normal echocardiographic and electrocardiographic indices in young female athletes: a meta-analysis across sex, types of sports, races, and ethnicities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1895-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Laurier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, QC ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Bd. D\u00e9carie, Montreal, QC , , H4A 3J1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00e9","family":"Salvini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, QC ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Bd. D\u00e9carie, Montreal, QC , , H4A 3J1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Labib-Daiyan","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, QC ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Bd. D\u00e9carie, Montreal, QC , , H4A 3J1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Hodzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital Centre , Caen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Bd. D\u00e9carie, Montreal, QC , , H4A 3J1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University , Quebec, QC ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"d\u2019Entremont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Sherbrooke University Hospital Centre , Sherbrooke, QC ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjit S","family":"Jolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1031-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim A","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St.Michael's Hospital , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Tournoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Bd. 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