{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T12:40:34Z","timestamp":1783600834940,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intermediate Basic Science Research Fellowship"},{"name":"Research Excellence Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/IBSRF\/23\/25161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/IBSRF\/23\/25161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE\/24\/130012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE\/24\/130012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023699","name":"Health Data Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012338","name":"The Alan Turing Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Data Science","award":["218529\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218529\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Current approaches to estimate cardiovascular risk for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are suboptimal and novel strategies that optimize and personalize risk predictions are needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential use of circulating cardiovascular biomarkers\u2014C-reactive protein, growth differentiation factor 15, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponins\u2014to improve CVD risk prediction in the general population. We present novel statistical approaches that dynamically capture risk to further optimize and personalize cardiovascular risk estimation systems. While all studied cardiovascular biomarkers are independently associated with CVD risk when using measurements from a single time-point, the added value they provide to traditional risk factors in terms of accuracy is modest. A dynamic risk prediction approach\u2014such as joint modelling\u2014that can incorporate changes in biomarkers and other risk factors over time may better capture the complexities of CVD development, enhancing CVD risk estimates. With the increasing adoption of electronic health records and commercially available assays for these circulating biomarkers, deploying such systems in clinical practice has become feasible. Future research should focus on the development and validation of multi-marker biomarker-driven dynamic risk prediction models, along with development of a standardized methodological approach for comparing performance of dynamic risk estimation systems against current static models. To facilitate its implementation in clinical practice, public health impact and cost-effectiveness needs to be assessed. Finally, optimizing screening intervals through a biomarker-driven dynamic risk approach may offer further improvement in individualizing primary CVD prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:21:40Z","timestamp":1764854500000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Circulating cardiovascular biomarkers in motion: redefining cardiovascular risk with dynamic prediction"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"de Bakker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3739-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Becky","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2825-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anoop S V","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Imperial College NHS Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2559-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1591-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorien M","family":"Kimenai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121912113773900_zwaf764-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209","article-title":"2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025121912113773900_zwaf764-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2025121912113773900_zwaf764-B3","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025121912113773900_zwaf764-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab309","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk collaboration. 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