{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:33:45Z","timestamp":1791894825566,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), primarily caused by pathogenic LDLR, APOB, or PCSK9 variants, results in elevated LDL cholesterol and increased cardiovascular risk. Genetic testing offers the definitive diagnosis, yet global approaches to FH genetic testing remain unstandardized. We investigate current testing practices worldwide and provide relevant recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey was distributed to national lead investigators of 68 countries in the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration, assessing referral criteria, assay methodologies, target genes, and pathogenicity interpretation methods. National lead investigators from centres in 55\/68 countries (81%) responded, spanning Africa (n = 2), Americas (n = 6), Asia (n = 20), Europe (n = 26), and Oceania (n = 1). Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) scores were the most common reason for referral to genetic testing (adults, 72%; children, 57%). Simon\u2013Broome and Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Death (MEDPED) criteria were reported only by centres from high-income countries (adults, 7% and 2%; children, 12% and 2%). Methods for testing in index vs. non-index cases were significantly different (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was the predominant assay method for index cases (62%), while Sanger sequencing was favoured for non-index (71%). However, these testing techniques did not differ between centres from high- and non-high-income countries for index cases (P = 0.74) and non-index cases (P = 0.49). Copy-number variants (CNVs) were assessed by 65% of centres, with most integrating CNV analysis into NGS platforms (86%) and others (14%) using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or microarrays. Screening encompassed LDLR (100%), APOB (97%), PCSK9 (95%), and other genes. Most centres (96%) incorporated pathogenicity interpretation into their reports, adhering largely to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Familial hypercholesterolaemia genetic testing practices vary widely across countries surveyed, emphasizing the need for global standardization to enhance accuracy and comparability of FH diagnoses worldwide. We suggest that genetic testing should include the three FH-causing genes and ideally the five associated\/phenocopy genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:58:00Z","timestamp":1777377480000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global survey of genetic testing methods for familial hypercholesterolaemia: a study and recommendations from the European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration registry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Rita","family":"Chora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, Grupo de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cardiovascular, Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as N\u00e3o Transmiss\u00edveis, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon (CCUL@RISE, CAML), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Karungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany","family":"Elshorbagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria , Alexandria ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe A T","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J","family":"Vallejo-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville , Seville ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Vascular Risk, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/Universidad de Sevilla\/CSIC , Seville ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanika I","family":"Dharmayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Abifadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A","family":"Aguilar-Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n , Mexico City ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]},{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud , Monterrey ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid F","family":"Alhabib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Centre, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael","family":"Almahmeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Heart and Vascular Institute , Abu Dhabi ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Alnouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Adult Cardiology Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8119-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Metabolic Medicine and Nutrition , Santiago ,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Al-Rasadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science and Medical Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat ,","place":["Oman"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al-Sarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabah Al Ahmad Cardiac Centre , Kuwait City ,","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Arca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicina Interna e Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, AO Policlinico Umberto I , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engy A","family":"Ashaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tester F","family":"Ashavaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre Mahim , Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Averna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics (IBF), National Research Council (CNR) , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL) , Lodz ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI) , Lodz ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , Lublin ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg , Luxembourg City ,","place":["Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph J","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam R","family":"Brunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Medical Genetics, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberico L","family":"Catapano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica , Sesto San Giovanni, Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0017-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, FASTA University, School of Medicine , Mar del Plata ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier S","family":"Descamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Centres Hospitaliers Universitaires HELORA at La Louvi\u00e8re and University of Mons , Mons ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euridiki","family":"Drogari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Inherited Dyslipidaemias, Choremio Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronen","family":"Durst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department and Centre for Treatment and Prevention of Atherosclerosis, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre , Jerusalem ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Ezhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology n.a. Acad. E.I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , Moscow ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5246-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urh","family":"Groselj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Centre, University Children\u2019s Hospital Ljubljana , Ljubljana ,","place":["Slovenia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana ,","place":["Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Harada-Shiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Takatsuki ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten B","family":"Holven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Norwegian National Network on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G Kees","family":"Hovingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk , Soborg ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weerapan","family":"Khovidhunkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Lalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Belgrade , Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavs","family":"Latkovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Research Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital , Riga ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Laufs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Kardiologie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Leipzig , Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7162-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Liberopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winfried","family":"M\u00e4rz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DACH Society for the Prevention of Heart and Circulatory Diseases , Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Medical Clinic III (Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology), University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Graz ,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH , Mannheim and Augsburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Hipercolesterolemia Familiar , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Thushara","family":"Matthias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura , Nugegoda ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 R","family":"Miserez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagene Research Institute , Breitenbach, Reinach ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Swiss Society for Familial Forms of Hypercholesterolemia (SSFH) , Breitenbach ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel , Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Mitchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dyslipidaemia, Institute of Cardiology, National Academy of Medical Sciences , Kiev ,","place":["Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hapizah Mohd","family":"Nawawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Lipid Clinics, Hospital Al-Sultan Abdullah (HASA), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Teaching Hospital, Puncak Alam, and Management & Science University (MSU) , Shah Alam, Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00f8rge G","family":"Nordestgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Herlev and Gentofte, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrie G","family":"Panayiotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology , Limassol ,","place":["Cyprus"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Paragh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Debrecen ,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaneta","family":"Petrulioniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine and Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos , Vilnius ,","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arman","family":"Postadzhiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Sofia , Sofia ,","place":["Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYCO Program, Comisi\u00f3n Honoraria Para la Salud Cardiovascular , Montevideo ,","place":["Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouzia","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Research, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University , Islamabad ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University , Chennai ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology 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Heart Alliance , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swarup A V","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre Mahim , Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr B","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis, Republican Specialized Centre of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Republic Uzbekistan , Tashkent ,","place":["Uzbekistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1714-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Handrean","family":"Soran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ta-Chen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital , Taichung ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavintharan","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Admiralty Medical Centre and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun Health , Yishun Central ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Tilney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Clinic, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, University of Malta , Msida ,","place":["Malta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Huong","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Phenikaa University, and Cardiovascular Center, Phenikaa University Hospital , Hanoi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margus","family":"Viigimaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn ,","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Vohnout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetology, LF SZU, Institute of Nutrition, FOaZOS, Coordination Centre for Familial Hyperlipidemias, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava , Bratislava ,","place":["Slovakia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald F","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiometabolic Service, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, WA ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuya","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rinku General Medical Centre , Osaka ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0508-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kausik K","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick J","family":"Raal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South 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