{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:29:14Z","timestamp":1787164154085,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular (CV) health is influenced not only by biological factors but also by the environments in which people live. The environment comprises interconnected built, living, and social domains that shape health behaviours, psychosocial well-being, environmental exposures, and access to resources. Within this framework, the built environment, the human-made settings that structure daily life, plays a key role in influencing physical activity, dietary behaviours, social interactions, safety, and overall well-being. Neighbourhoods are embedded within historical, legal, political, cultural, and economic contexts that shape the social determinants of health and contribute to CV health. Growing evidence indicates that characteristics of the living environment substantially influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related disorders through multiple pathways. These include access to healthcare, air and noise pollution, availability of healthy foods and green spaces, physical activity, social cohesion, and chronic psychosocial stress. Potential mechanisms include inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroendocrine dysregulation, unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, and persistent stress responses that promote cardiometabolic dysfunction and vascular disease. This expert opinion examines challenges and opportunities related to nutrition, physical activity, environmental quality, community engagement, and occupational as well as social dimensions of the living environment from a public health perspective. This document highlights the importance of designing healthier communities that support CV health and reduce disease burden. Furthermore, neighbourhoods may serve as measurable units for monitoring CVD and broader health outcomes by integrating environmental characteristics with CV metrics, electronic health records, geospatial data, and neighbourhood-level social risk indicators. Addressing environmental determinants across multiple scales supports targeted public health strategies in Europe and globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:11:55Z","timestamp":1785237115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preventing cardiovascular disease within the built and living environments: an expert opinion"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Chrysohoou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Timmermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9878-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buket","family":"Akinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biruni University , Merkezefendi Mahallesi, 75 Sk. No. 1-13, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul 34015 ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6103-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Biondi-Zoccai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical\u2013Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research , Cotignola ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bahls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald , Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., Greifswald ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site North , Greifswald ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana Cristina","family":"Daha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest ,","place":["Romania"]},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital , Bucharest ,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7091-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayank","family":"Dalakoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge , Cambridge ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Gnatiuc Friedrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Kavousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Kent and Medway Medical School, University off Kent, Canterbury ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University , Kowloon , ,","place":["Hong Kong China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja-Lisa","family":"Lochen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Panagiotakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Harokopio University , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilios S","family":"Vassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich Medical School Bob Champion Research and Education Rosalind Franklin Road Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk and Waveney Hospital Group , Colney Road NR4 7UY ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081914163574400_zwag387-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehag345","article-title":"European society of cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2025","volume":"47","author":"Timmis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026081914163574400_zwag387-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.324559","article-title":"Proteomics, human environmental exposure, and cardiometabolic risk","volume":"135","author":"Perry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026081914163574400_zwag387-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12759","article-title":"Built environment and cardio-metabolic health: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"20","author":"Chandrabose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026081914163574400_zwag387-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehag270","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular health","volume":"47","author":"Piepoli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026081914163574400_zwag387-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313282","article-title":"Do neighborhoods have boundaries? 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