{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:23:49Z","timestamp":1787829829338,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P\u00e4ivikki ja Sakari Sohlberg Foundation","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"name":"Signe o Ane Gyllenberg Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221854\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221854\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/Y014154\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Y014154\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["350426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["350426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few life-long studies have addressed the common question: \u2018Healthy lifestyles add years to life, but do they add life to years?\u2019 We examined how low cardiovascular risk in early midlife is associated with frailty, quality of life, happiness, and well-being in old age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At mean age of 42 years, five low-risk factors (non-smoking, BMI &amp;lt; 25\u2005kg\/m2, systolic blood pressure &amp;lt; 140\u2005mmHg, total cholesterol &amp;lt; 6.0\u2005mmol\/L, one-hour post-load glucose &amp;lt; 9.0\u2005mmol\/L) were measured among healthy men born 1919\u20131934 (n = 2690). Phenotypic frailty, health-related quality of life (HRQoL, RAND-36), psychological wellbeing, and feeling of happiness (a Cantril ladder-type 10 cm visual analogue scale) were assessed in 2007 at a mean age of 79 years. Mortality was retrieved from national registers through 31 January 2025 (2524 men [93.8%] died). At baseline, 59 men had zero, 422 one, 855 two, 832 three, 417 four and 105 five low-risk factors. The proportion reaching 90 years increased accordingly: 6.8%, 14.2%, 18.3%, 26.7%, 36.6%, and 41.9% (P &amp;lt; 0.001). At mean age of 79 years (n = 907, response rate 63% and similar in baseline groups), compared to those with no low-risk factors in midlife, men with five factors had less frailty (2.2 vs. 24.5%, P = 0.013), reported greater happiness (8.0 vs. 7.5; P = 0.053), higher psychological wellbeing (55.1% vs. 39.0%, P = 0.03), and better HRQoL in several domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low cardiovascular risk in early midlife was associated with greater longevity, less frailty, better quality of life, and higher levels of happiness and well-being in old age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:36:09Z","timestamp":1787052969000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low cardiovascular risk in early midlife and quality of life in old age: a life-long follow-up study in men"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo E","family":"Strandberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital , Haartmaninkatu 4, P. O. Box 340, Helsinki FIN-00029 ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu , Aapistie 5, FIN-90220, Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arto Y","family":"Strandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital , Haartmaninkatu 4, P. O. Box 340, Helsinki FIN-00029 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisu H","family":"Pitk\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital , Haartmaninkatu 4, P. O. Box 340, Helsinki FIN-00029 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kivim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinicum, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Brain Sciences, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13196","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours in relation to longevity: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"289","author":"van Oort","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0618","article-title":"Association of healthy lifestyle with years lived without major chronic diseases","volume":"180","author":"Nyberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6669","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6669","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study","volume":"368","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e499","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00135-6","article-title":"Healthy ageing from birth to age 84 years in the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, Finland: a longitudinal study","volume":"4","author":"Mikkola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415879","article-title":"Global effect of cardiovascular risk factors on lifetime estimates","volume":"393","author":"Magnussen","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13211","article-title":"Pathways to longevity \u2013 but is it successful?","volume":"289","author":"Strandberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50241","article-title":"Global healthspan-lifespan gaps among 183 World Health Organization member states","volume":"7","author":"Garmany","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18049-0","article-title":"Living longer but in poor health: healthcare system responses to aging populations in industrialised countries based on the findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026082707135893300_zwag429-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad212","article-title":"Living longer but frailer? 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