{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:09:02Z","timestamp":1790255342112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000853","name":"University of Glasgow","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recognized as a cornerstone of heart disease management, its availability in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains limited, highlighting a critical evidence gap. To address this, we conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating exercise-based CR in LMICs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We initially identified RCTs of exercise-based CR programmes in LMICs from a previously published systematic review and updated with searches of bibliographic databases from May 2020 to June 2025. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Mortality, hospitalization, exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and mental health outcomes were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Safety, cost, and cost-effectiveness data were narratively synthesized. Meta-regression was used to explore the potential effect modification, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Twenty-nine RCTs (6682 participants) from South Asia (10 studies), East Asia &amp; Pacific (7 studies), Europe &amp; Central Asia (6 studies), Latin America &amp; Caribbean (4 studies), and Middle East &amp; North Africa (2 studies) were included; overall risk of bias was moderate to high. Trials varied in their patient populations, CR interventions, and delivery modes. Pooled analysis showed that exercise-based CR was associated with a moderate improvement in exercise capacity (standardized mean difference: 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47\u20130.96) compared to control. Despite high levels of statistical heterogeneity (I2: 72%), there was no evidence of effect modification by study-level factors, including CR delivery model, exercise dose, duration of follow-up, or risk of bias. CR participation was associated with improvements in some HRQoL measures (SF-12\/36 physical component: mean difference 5.0, 95% CI: 0.5\u20139.4) and mental health outcomes (HADS-Anxiety: mean difference 1.19, 95% CI: 0.97\u20131.42; HADS-Depression: mean difference 1.03, 95% CI: 0.20\u20131.85); however, other measures (PHQ-9, GAD-7) showed no consistent effect. Few trials reported data on mortality, hospitalization, safety, costs, or provided details of CR programme delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This updated review indicates that exercise-based CR in LMICs improves exercise capacity and HRQoL consistent with evidence from high-income settings. However, due to substantial statistical heterogeneity, risk of bias, and inconsistent data collection, the overall certainty of these findings is low. High-quality RCTs that collect patient-relevant outcomes from CR programmes appropriately designed for the low-resource and cultural contexts of LMICs remain a strategic priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T11:21:12Z","timestamp":1788693672000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness, safety, costs, and delivery considerations of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamal","family":"Uddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TB ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Physiotherapy and Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky L","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Professionals, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University , Glasgow ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4731-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mithila","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), Faculty of Public Health, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-798X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saidur R","family":"Mashreky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, North South University , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1084-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham S","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Austin Health , Melbourne ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4028-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran B","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester , Oxford Rd, Manchester ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Ziauddin University and Hospital , Karachi ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela L M","family":"Ghisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taslima","family":"Mamataz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, York University , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"KITE Research Institute & Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rod S","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002","article-title":"Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"35","author":"Gaziano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B3","first-page":"e41","article-title":"2025 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"151","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-024-00017-7","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of CVD: time to think about cardiovascular health rather than rehabilitation","volume":"1","author":"Redfern","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Cardiovasc Health"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad225","article-title":"Global perspectives on heart disease rehabilitation and secondary prevention: a scientific statement from the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions, European Association of Preventive Cardiology, and International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation","volume":"44","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05274-1","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of in-hospital cardiac arrest: trends in the incidence, mortality, and long-term survival of a nationwide cohort","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2304135","article-title":"Aging and cardiovascular disease: current status and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B8","article-title":"Virtual and in-person cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"373","author":"Dalal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001289","article-title":"Core components of cardiac rehabilitation programs: 2024 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"150","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.04.023","article-title":"Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure: Cochrane systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.01.003","article-title":"Enhancing participation in cardiac rehabilitation: focus on underserved populations","volume":"70","author":"Ades","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B13","first-page":"CD007130","article-title":"Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"McDonagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3046","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure\u20132023 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Molloy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13957.1","article-title":"Affordable Cardiac Rehabilitation An Outreach Inter-Disciplinary Strategic Study (ACROSS)\u2013Research Programme Protocol","volume":"5","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32533-2","article-title":"Global health-care systems must prioritise rehabilitation","volume":"396","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.08.004","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation delivery model for low-resource settings: an international council of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation consensus statement","volume":"59","author":"Grace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16008.2","article-title":"New technologies to improve healthcare in low-and middle-income countries: Global Grand Challenges satellite event, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, 17th-18th September 2019","volume":"5","author":"Dinh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314486","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation delivery in low\/middle-income countries","volume":"105","author":"Pesah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052620-093850","article-title":"Mobile health (mHealth) in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"43","author":"McCool","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.24.291643","article-title":"Digitalization of health care in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"103","author":"Monlezun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.07.004","article-title":"ACROSS collaboration. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"Mamataz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B26","author":"Metreau"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1380639","article-title":"Exercise intensity prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation: Bridging the gap between best evidence and clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Milani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd7020015","article-title":"Exercise prescription guidelines for cardiovascular disease patients in the absence of a baseline stress test","volume":"7","author":"Mytinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000658","article-title":"Comparison between hybrid cardiac rehabilitation and center-based cardiac rehabilitation: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Racodon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90986-6","article-title":"Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire: reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan","volume":"124","author":"Rector","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36)","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.12.1019","article-title":"Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B35","article-title":"Comparison between RoB-1 and RoB-2 tool and impact on network meta-analysis results\u2013a case study from a living Cochrane review on psoriasis","volume":"190","author":"Guelimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B38","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (Updated August 2024)","author":"Higgins","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.050","article-title":"Yoga-based cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction: a randomized trial","volume":"75","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B40","article-title":"STATA CAUSAL INFERENCE AND TREATMENT-EFFECTS ESTIMATION REFERENCE MANUAL","author":"StataCorp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stata press"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B41","first-page":"829","article-title":"Assessment of the strength of recommendation and quality of evidence: GRADE checklist. A descriptive study","volume":"140","author":"Bezerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.3.4724","article-title":"Effectiveness of Mobile Health Augmented Cardiac Rehabilitation (MCard) on health-related quality of life among post-acute coronary syndrome patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Hisam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x202010370","article-title":"WeChat-based education and rehabilitation program in unprotected left main coronary artery disease patients after coronary artery bypass grafting: an effective approach in reducing anxiety, depression, loss to follow-up, and improving quality of life","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B44","article-title":"Effect of home-based cardiac rehabilitation program on self-efficacy of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator","volume":"9","author":"Heidari","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04282-3","article-title":"A quasi-experimental study on couple-based exercise program improving cardiac rehabilitation exercise compliance in post-PCI patients","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2023.108082","article-title":"The effect of web-based education delivered as part of cardiac rehabilitation on healthy lifestyle behaviors, and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease in Turkey: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Alkan Kayhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30151-7","article-title":"Smartphone and social media-based cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in China (SMART-CR\/SP): a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Dorje","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13784","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of an exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation program in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy in Brazil: An analysis from the PEACH study","volume":"27","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-019-09938-6","article-title":"Effect of smartphone-based telemonitored exercise rehabilitation among patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hkpj.2014.11.002","article-title":"Exercise training improves functional walking capacity and activity level of Nigerians with chronic biventricular heart failure","volume":"33","author":"Ajiboye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hong Kong Physiother J"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-705X.73209","article-title":"Protocol-guided phase-1 cardiac rehabilitation in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a rural hospital","volume":"11","author":"Babu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Views"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-705X.95064","article-title":"Effects of combined early in-patient cardiac rehabilitation and structured home-based program on function among patients with congestive heart failure: a randomized ontrolled trial","volume":"12","author":"Babu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Views"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011228","article-title":"Maintenance of gains, morbidity, and mortality at 1 year following cardiac rehabilitation in a middle-income country: a wait-list control crossover trial","volume":"8","author":"Chaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2019.09.803","article-title":"Effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction in Pakistan","volume":"29","author":"Ul-Haq","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/INJMS.INJMS_43_19","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on dimensions of quality of life and fatigue in people with congestive heart failure class II and III: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Hasanpour-Dehkordi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Spec"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B56","first-page":"134","article-title":"Efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J PharmTech Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B57","first-page":"799","article-title":"The effect of evidence-based education on self-care behaviors in patients with congestive cardiac failure: a clinical trial study","volume":"12","author":"Jafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.26452\/ijrps.v11i1.1827","article-title":"A comparative study between effects of aerobic exercises and conventional treatment on selected outcomes of heart failure clients","volume":"11","author":"Jena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B59","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Effectiveness of resistance interval training versus aerobic interval training on peak oxygen uptake in patients with myocardial infarction","volume":"69","author":"Khalid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/21679169.2018.1464597","article-title":"Novel molecular biomarkers\u2019 response to a cardiac rehabilitation programme in patients with ischaemic heart diseases","volume":"20","author":"Mehani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Physiother"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2012.06.002","article-title":"Correlation between changes in diastolic dysfunction and health-related quality of life after cardiac rehabilitation program in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"4","author":"Mehani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2008.248.257","article-title":"Cardiac risk factor changes through an Intensive Multifactorial Life Style Modification Program in CHD patients: results from a two year follow up","volume":"8","author":"Naser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B63","article-title":"Person-centered Nursing to Improve Treatment Regimen Adherence in Patients with Myocardial Infarction","volume":"12","author":"Soleimani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508093331","article-title":"How much do the benefits cost? Effects of a home-based training programme on cardiovascular fitness, quality of life, programme cost and adherence for patients with coronary disease","volume":"22","author":"Salvetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.146067","article-title":"Effect of yoga regimen on lung functions including diffusion capacity in coronary artery disease patients: a randomized controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Yoga"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2036-3","article-title":"Community health service center-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: a prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_96_17","article-title":"Effect of physiotherapy on quality of life after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized study","volume":"23","author":"Zolfaghari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000471","article-title":"Effect of home-based cardiac rehabilitation in a lower-middle income country: results from a controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.01.035","article-title":"Effect of physical exercise training in patients with Chagas heart disease (from the PEACH STUDY)","volume":"125","author":"de Souza Nogueira Sardinha Mendes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.01.002","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation for women: a systematic review of barriers and solutions","volume":"92","author":"Superv\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.71000\/ijhrahm213","article-title":"WOMEN CARDIAC PATIENTS\u2019PERCEIVED BARRIER TO CARDIAC REHABILITATION. A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE STUDY","volume":"2","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insights J. Health Rehabil"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B72","article-title":"Implementation strategies for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"9","author":"Pantoja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B74","article-title":"Designing and undertaking randomised implementation trials: guide for researchers","volume":"372","author":"Wolfenden","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092408515496600_zwag460-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-083633","article-title":"Development of a core outcome set for cardiac rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction: a study protocol","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag460\/71042448\/zwag460.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag460\/71042448\/zwag460.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:52:13Z","timestamp":1790254333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurjpc\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag460\/8792762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag460","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-4873","2047-4881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-4873","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-4881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"article-number":"zwag460"}}