{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:22:03Z","timestamp":1792794123477,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":110,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kings Health Partners","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xcsye48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Medical Engineering","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04s9kfd63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is fundamental for the assessment of heart disease, including arrhythmias, but cannot always reveal the underlying mechanism or the location of the arrhythmia origin. Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi) is a non-invasive multi-lead ECG-type imaging tool that enhances conventional 12-lead ECG. Although it is an established technology, its continuous development has been shown to assist in arrhythmic activation mapping and provide insights into the mechanism of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). This review addresses the validity, reliability, and overall feasibility of ECGi for use in a diverse range of arrhythmias. A systematic search limited to full-text human studies published in peer-reviewed journals was performed through Medline via PubMed, using various combinations of three key concepts: ECGi, arrhythmia, and CRT. A total of 456 studies were screened through titles and abstracts. Ultimately, 42 studies were included for literature review. Evidence to date suggests that ECGi can be used to provide diagnostic insights regarding the mechanistic basis of arrhythmias and the location of arrhythmia origin. Furthermore, ECGi can yield valuable information to guide therapeutic decision-making, including during CRT. Several studies have used ECGi as a diagnostic tool for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. More recently, studies have tested the value of this technique in predicting outcomes of CRT. As a non-invasive method for assessing cardiovascular disease, particularly arrhythmias, ECGi represents a significant advancement over standard procedures in contemporary cardiology. Its full potential has yet to be fully explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T15:12:47Z","timestamp":1590419567000},"page":"1447-1462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Electrocardiographic imaging for cardiac arrhythmias and resynchronization therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9377-5662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King\u2019s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Cardiac Physiology Services\u2014Clinical Investigation Centre, Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Niederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King\u2019s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King\u2019s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Department, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.1326","article-title":"Recent trends in cardiovascular mortality in the United States and public health goals","volume":"1","author":"Sidney","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13131331","article-title":"Cardiac arrythmias: multimodal assessment integrating body surface ECG mapping into cardiac imaging","volume":"271","author":"Cochet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2013.2.1.16","article-title":"Body surface electrocardiographic mapping for non-invasive identification of arrhythmic sources","volume":"2","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.975813","article-title":"Confirmation of novel noninvasive high-density electrocardiographic mapping with electrophysiology study: implications for therapy","volume":"6","author":"Cakulev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000753","article-title":"Interplay of electrical wavefronts as determinant of the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in dyssynchronous canine hearts","volume":"6","author":"Strik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.01.013","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic mapping to guide ablation of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"11","author":"Jamil-Copley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002655","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic mapping: are we ready for prime time?","volume":"4","author":"Aryana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2017.07.018","article-title":"Mapping of ventricular arrhythmias using a novel noninvasive epicardial and endocardial electrophysiology system","volume":"51","author":"Tsyganov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.02.104","article-title":"Noninvasive ECG imaging (ECGI): mapping the arrhythmic substrate of the human heart","volume":"237","author":"Rudy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-0941-5","article-title":"The inverse problem of bioelectricity: an evaluation","volume":"50","author":"Van Oosterom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B12","first-page":"215","article-title":"The inverse problem in electrocardiography: solutions in terms of epicardial potentials","volume":"16","author":"Rudy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2005.00608.x","article-title":"Challenges facing validation of noninvasive electrical imaging of the heart","volume":"10","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B14","first-page":"171","article-title":"The inverse problem in electrocardiography: solutions in terms of equivalent sources","volume":"16","author":"Gulrajani","year":"1988","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/51.715491","article-title":"The forward and inverse problems of electrocardiography: gaining a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of the heart\u2019s electrical activity","volume":"17","author":"Gulrajani","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/10.30808","article-title":"Tailored versus realistic geometry in the inverse problem of electrocardiography","volume":"36","author":"Huiskamp","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/51.646224","article-title":"Recent progress in inverse problems in electrocardiology","volume":"17","author":"MacLeod","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.3.1012","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging: reconstruction of epicardial potentials, electrograms, and isochrones and localization of single and multiple electrocardiac events","volume":"96","author":"Oster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.2307\/2006360","article-title":"Solutions of ill-posed problems","volume":"32","author":"Bell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Math Comput"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1588655","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI): application of the generalized minimal residual (GMRes) method","volume":"31","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98ra84","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002152","article-title":"Noninvasive electroanatomic mapping of human ventricular arrhythmias with electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI)","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B22","first-page":"iv20","article-title":"First simultaneous invasive validation of electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi) in intact human heart with epicardial mapping","volume":"20","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.945709","article-title":"Noninvasive characterization of epicardial activation in humans with diverse atrial fibrillation patterns","volume":"122","author":"Cuculich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1977.326201","article-title":"Relating epicardial to body surface potential distributions by means of transfer coefficients based on geometry measurements","volume":"24","author":"Barr","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01305","article-title":"Validation and opportunities of electrocardiographic imaging: from technical achievements to clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Cluitmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827934","article-title":"Simulation of QRST integral maps with a membrane-based computer heart model employing parallel processing","volume":"51","author":"Trudel","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng IEEE Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.10.018","article-title":"Acute electrical and hemodynamic effects of multisite left ventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy in the dyssynchronous canine heart","volume":"11","author":"Ploux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2202914","article-title":"Noninvasive mapping of transmural potentials during activation in swine hearts from body surface electrocardiograms","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2003.09.005","article-title":"Modeling ventricular excitation: axial and orthotropic anisotropy effects on wavefronts and potentials","volume":"188","author":"Colli-Franzone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.02.013","article-title":"Geometrical constraint of sources in noninvasive localization of premature ventricular contractions","volume":"51","author":"Svehlikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2004.12.022","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI): comparison to intraoperative mapping in patients","volume":"2","author":"Ghanem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B32","first-page":"325","article-title":"The consortium for electrocardiographic imaging","volume":"43","author":"Coll-Font","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Cardiol (2010)"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euw168","article-title":"Multicentre evaluation of non-invasive biatrial mapping for persistent atrial fibrillation ablation: the AFACART study","volume":"19","author":"Knecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005421","article-title":"Driver domains in persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"130","author":"Haissaguerre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.11.019","article-title":"Changes in electrical dyssynchrony by body surface mapping predict left ventricular remodeling in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"14","author":"Gage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.03.082","article-title":"Validation of novel 3-dimensional electrocardiographic mapping of atrial tachycardias by invasive mapping and ablation: a multicenter study","volume":"62","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu282","article-title":"Clinical impact of a novel three-dimensional electrocardiographic imaging for non-invasive mapping of ventricular arrhythmias\u2014a prospective randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Erkapic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.11.017","article-title":"Body surface mapping using an ECG belt to characterize electrical heterogeneity for different left ventricular pacing sites during cardiac resynchronization: relationship with acute hemodynamic improvement","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.01.093","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic mapping to improve patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy: beyond QRS duration and left bundle branch block morphology","volume":"61","author":"Ploux","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013698","article-title":"Cardiac electrophysiological substrate underlying the ECG phenotype and electrogram abnormalities in Brugada syndrome patients","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu339","article-title":"Validation of the mapping accuracy of a novel non-invasive epicardial and endocardial electrophysiology system","volume":"17","author":"Revishvili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.01.017","article-title":"Electrophysiologic substrate and intraventricular left ventricular dyssynchrony in nonischemic heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011359","article-title":"Electrophysiologic substrate in congenital long QT syndrome: noninvasive mapping with electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI)","volume":"130","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.07.029","article-title":"The electrophysiological cardiac ventricular substrate in patients after myocardial infarction: noninvasive characterization with electrocardiographic imaging","volume":"58","author":"Cuculich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B45","first-page":"843","article-title":"Noninvasive epicardial and endocardial mapping of premature ventricular contractions","volume":"19","author":"Wissner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005105","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.005105","article-title":"Electrical and structural substrate of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy determined using noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging and late gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"10","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016255","article-title":"Single-beat noninvasive imaging of ventricular endocardial and epicardial activation in patients undergoing CRT","volume":"6","author":"Berger","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.05.018","article-title":"Initial validation of a novel ECGI system for localization of premature ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal and abnormal hearts","volume":"51","author":"Misra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781658","article-title":"Cardiac memory in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: noninvasive imaging of activation and repolarization before and after catheter ablation","volume":"118","author":"Ghosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2758369","article-title":"Three-dimensional noninvasive imaging of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with premature ventricular contractions","volume":"65","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2014.09.002","article-title":"Left ventricular electrical activation during right ventricular pacing in heart failure patients with LBBB: visualization by electrocardiographic imaging and implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"48","author":"Varma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00183","article-title":"ECG adapted fastest route algorithm to localize the ectopic excitation origin in CRT patients","volume":"10","author":"Potyagaylo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.04.017","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy in pediatric congenital heart disease: insights from noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.11.025","article-title":"Electrocardiographic imaging of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure: observation of variable electrophysiologic responses","volume":"3","author":"Jia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.019","article-title":"Single-beat noninvasive imaging of cardiac electrophysiology of ventricular pre-excitation","volume":"48","author":"Berger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2013.08.005","article-title":"Quantitative localization of premature ventricular contractions using myocardial activation ECGI from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram","volume":"46","author":"Dam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613773","article-title":"Noninvasive cardiac radiation for ablation of ventricular tachycardia","volume":"377","author":"Cuculich","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f263","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy082","article-title":"Non-invasive epicardial and endocardial electrocardiographic imaging for scar-related ventricular tachycardia","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.970160","article-title":"Inverse solution mapping of epicardial potentials: quantitative comparison with epicardial contact mapping","volume":"5","author":"Sapp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B60","first-page":"849","article-title":"Mapping the transmural scar and activation for patients with ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Cardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B61","first-page":"iv16","article-title":"Localization of premature ventricular contractions from the papillary muscles using the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram: a feasibility study using a novel cardiac isochrone positioning system","volume":"18","author":"van Dam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9747-5","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging of cardiac activation and recovery","volume":"37","author":"Dam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2016.07.026","article-title":"Noninvasive epicardial and endocardial electrocardiographic imaging of scar-related ventricular tachycardia","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.08.019","article-title":"Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI), a novel diagnostic modality used for mapping of focal left ventricular tachycardia in a young athlete","volume":"2","author":"Intini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12075","article-title":"Noninvasive panoramic mapping of human atrial fibrillation mechanisms: a feasibility report","volume":"24","author":"Haissaguerre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.01.001","article-title":"Continuous ECGI mapping of spontaneous VT initiation, continuation, and termination with antitachycardia pacing","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1566-x","article-title":"ECG imaging of ventricular tachycardia: evaluation against simultaneous non-contact mapping and CMR-derived grey zone","volume":"55","author":"Schulze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2015.08.036","article-title":"Development of new anatomy reconstruction software to localize cardiac isochrones to the cardiac surface from the 12 lead ECG","volume":"48","author":"Dam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.01.023","article-title":"Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay: definitions, prognosis, and implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"12","author":"Eschalier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.1999.tb00220.x","article-title":"Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging","volume":"4","author":"Rudy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.881797","article-title":"Sensitivity- and effort-gain analysis: multilead ECG electrode array selection for activation time imaging","volume":"53","author":"Hinterm\u00fcller","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.09.001","article-title":"ECGI in atrial fibrillation: a clinician\u2019s wish list","volume":"51","author":"Azpilicueta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006108","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.006108","article-title":"How accurate is inverse electrocardiographic mapping? A systematic in vivo evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Bear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.17.2152","article-title":"A noninvasive imaging modality for cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"102","author":"Burnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2013.05.027","article-title":"Inverse electrocardiographic source localization of ischemia: an optimization framework and finite element solution","volume":"250","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/14\/009","article-title":"Effect of cardiac motion on body surface electrocardiographic potentials: an MRI-based simulation study","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2016.11.012","article-title":"In vivo validation of electrocardiographic imaging","volume":"3","author":"Cluitmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01708","article-title":"Evaluation of fifteen algorithms for the resolution of the electrocardiography imaging inverse problem using ex-vivo and in-silico data","volume":"9","author":"Karoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2593003","article-title":"Spatially coherent activation maps for electrocardiographic imaging","volume":"64","author":"Duchateau","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-015-0690-9","article-title":"Noninvasive reconstruction of cardiac electrical activity: update on current methods, applications and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Cluitmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neth Heart J"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3438081","article-title":"Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101","volume":"37","author":"Benedict","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002765","article-title":"Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the treatment of refractory cardiac ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"8","author":"Loo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2020112312164345400_euaa165-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.12.024","article-title":"The crossroads of inflammation, fibrosis, and arrhythmia following myocardial infarction","volume":"91","author":"Francis Stuart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"}],"container-title":["EP Europace"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article-pdf\/22\/10\/1447\/33854150\/euaa165.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article-pdf\/22\/10\/1447\/33854150\/euaa165.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T17:13:58Z","timestamp":1666631638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article\/22\/10\/1447\/5880822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euaa165","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-5129","1532-2092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-5129","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]}}}