{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:44:22Z","timestamp":1789778662448,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]],"date-time":"2020-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr Diego Beltrutti"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The adoption of percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade for the treatment of drug-refractory electrical storm (ES) has been increasingly reported; however, the time of onset of the anti-arrhythmic effects, the safety of a purely anatomical approach in conscious patients and the additional benefit of repeated procedures remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study included consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous left stellate ganglion blockade (PLSGB) in our centre for drug-refractory ES. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, or a combination of both were injected in the vicinity of the left stellate ganglion. Overall, 18 PLSGBs were performed in 11 patients (age 69\u2009\u00b1\u200913\u2009years; 63.6% men, left ventricular ejection fraction 31.6\u2009\u00b1\u200916%). Seven patients received only one PLSGB; three underwent two procedures and one required three PLSGB and two continuous infusions to control ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). All PLSGBs were performed with an anatomical approach; lidocaine, alone, or in combination was used in 77.7% of the procedures. The median burden of VAs 1 h after each block was zero compared with five in the hour before (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001); 83% of the patients were free from VAs; the efficacy at 24\u2009h increased with repeated blocks. The anti-arrhythmic efficacy of PLSGB was not related to anisocoria. No procedure-related complications were reported.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anatomical-based PLSGB is a safe and rapidly effective treatment for refractory ES; repeated blocks provide additional benefits. Percutaneous left stellate ganglion blockade should be considered for stabilizing patients to allow further ES management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T11:46:15Z","timestamp":1600861575000},"page":"581-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Anatomical-based percutaneous left stellate ganglion block in patients with drug-refractory electrical storm and structural heart disease: a single-centre case series"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9789-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Savastano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Dusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6360-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rordorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Camporotondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Fracchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Compagnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Oltrona Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano Maria","family":"De Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Arrhythmia 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