{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:33:44Z","timestamp":1787960024069,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Heart Foundation","award":["2008B035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008B035"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005035","name":"Biotronik","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008497","name":"Boston Scientific","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008497","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi-Aventis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Routine vs. Aggressive risk factor driven upstream rhythm Control for prevention of Early persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure (HF) (RACE 3) trial demonstrated that targeted therapy of underlying conditions improved sinus rhythm maintenance at 1 year. We now explored the effects of targeted therapy on the additional co-primary endpoints; sinus rhythm maintenance and cardiovascular outcome at 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with early persistent AF and mild-to-moderate stable HF were randomized to targeted or conventional therapy. Both groups received rhythm control therapy according to guidelines. The targeted group additionally received four therapies: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and\/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), statins, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and cardiac rehabilitation. The presence of sinus rhythm and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at 5-year follow-up were assessed. Two hundred and sixteen patients consented for long-term follow-up, 107 were randomized to targeted and 109 to conventional therapy. At 5 years, MRAs [76 (74%) vs. 10 (9%) patients, P &amp;lt; 0.001] and statins [81 (79%) vs. 59 (55%), P &amp;lt; 0.001] were used more in the targeted than conventional group. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors\/ARBs and physical activity were not different between groups. Sinus rhythm was present in 49 (46%) targeted vs. 43 (39%) conventional group patients at 5 years (odds ratio 1.297, lower limit of 95% confidence interval 0.756, P = 0.346). Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity occurred in 20 (19%) in the targeted and 15 (14%) conventional group patients, P = 0.353.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In patients with early persistent AF and HF superiority of targeted therapy in sinus rhythm maintenance could not be preserved at 5-year follow-up. Cardiovascular outcome was not different between groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00877643.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T13:17:26Z","timestamp":1633958246000},"page":"910-920","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Long-term outcome of targeted therapy of underlying conditions in patients with early persistent atrial fibrillation and heart failure: data of the RACE 3 trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao Oanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry J G M","family":"Crijns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan G P","family":"Tijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre\u2014University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan","family":"Geelhoed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne H","family":"Hobbelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin E W","family":"Hemels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rijnstate Hospital , Arnhem , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W J Myke","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bob","family":"Weijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Electrophysiology, Katholische Stiftung Marienhospital Aachen , Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Alings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Amphia Hospital , Breda , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Julius Clinical , Zeist , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9608-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelle D","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Martini Hospital , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7654-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert G","family":"Tieleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Martini Hospital , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond","family":"Tukkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Spaarne Hospital , Haarlem , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk J","family":"Van Veldhuisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle C","family":"Van Gelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"Rienstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the RACE 3 Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I C","family":"Van 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