{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:13:02Z","timestamp":1787508782008,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seeking to account for accessory atrioventricular conduction potentially leading to ventricular pre-excitation, Mahaim in the mid-20th century had described pathways between the atrioventricular conduction axis and the muscular ventricular septum. We aimed to look for such \u2018paraspecific\u2019 connections in adult human hearts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We serially sectioned 21 hearts, covering the triangle of Koch and the aortic root, and assessing the atrioventricular node, the penetration of the conduction axis, and the bundle branches in our search for fasciculo-ventricular connections. We also calculated the length of the non-branching bundle, and if present the origin of the fasciculo-ventricular connections. The non-branching bundle was 3.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7 mmin length, varying from 1.7 mm to 7.2 mm. Fasciculo-ventricular connections were found in more than half of the hearts, making direct contact with the muscular septum at an average of 3.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7 mm from the origin of the left bundle branch, with the site of origin varying from 1.1 mm to 5.5 mm from the first fascicle of the left bundle branch. In three hearts, additional fasciculo-fascicular connections were observed in the left bundle branch. Two loops were small, but one loop extended over 9.5 mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We endorse the finding of Mahaim that fasciculo-ventricular pathways exist in most human hearts. We presume the identified connections had the capability of producing ventricular pre-excitation. More studies are needed to determine the potential clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T15:16:43Z","timestamp":1636471003000},"page":"464-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Miniseries 1\u2014Part IV: How frequent are fasciculo-ventricular connections in the normal heart?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0594-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Mac\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8926-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin T","family":"Tretter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5163-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert H","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5374-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederico","family":"Soares Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Biocor Instituto, Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jer\u00f3nimo","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Back Sternick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000164567","article-title":"Nouvelles recherches sur les connexions superieures de la branche gauche du faisceau de His-Tawara avec la cloison interventriculaire","volume":"1","author":"Mahaim","year":"1937","journal-title":"Cardiologia"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000164707","article-title":"Recherches d\u2019anatomie compare et de pathologie exp\u00e9rimentale sur les connexions hautes du faisceau de His-Tawara","volume":"5","author":"Mahaim","year":"1941","journal-title":"Cardiologia"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(47)90080-X","article-title":"Kent\u2019s fibers and the AV paraspecific conduction through the upper connection of the bundle of His-Tawara","volume":"33","author":"Mahaim","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.07.025","article-title":"Mahaim fibers: should they be renamed?","volume":"17","author":"Balaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B5","first-page":"27","article-title":"Ventricular preexcitation. A proposed nomenclature for its substrates","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)90063-8","article-title":"\u201cNodoventricular\u201d accessory pathway: evidence for a distinct accessory atrioventricular pathway with atrioventricular node-like properties","volume":"11","author":"Klein","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(96)00011-9","article-title":"Mahaim, Kent and abnormal atrioventricular conduction","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2022030308002212900_euab286-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.11.018","article-title":"Differentiating fasciculoventricular pathway from Wolff-Parkinson-White 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