{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:12:15Z","timestamp":1793578335842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to estimate the global burden of atrial fibrillation (AF)\/atrial flutter (AFL) and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data on AF\/AFL were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths were metrics used to measure AF\/AFL burden. The population attributable fractions (PAFs) were used to calculate the percentage contributions of major potential risk factors to age-standardized AF\/AFL death. The analysis was performed between 1990 and 2019. Globally, in 2019, there were 4.7 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 3.6 to 6.0] incident cases, 8.4 million (95% UI: 6.7 to 10.5) DALYs cases, and 0.32 million (95% UI: 0.27 to 0.36) deaths of AF\/AFL. The burden of AF\/AFL in 2019 and their temporal trends from 1990 to 2019 varied widely due to gender, Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and geographical location. Among all potential risk factors, age-standardized AF\/AFL death worldwide in 2019 were primarily attributable to high systolic blood pressure [34.0% (95% UI: 27.3 to 41.0)], followed by high body mass index [20.2% (95% UI: 11.2 to 31.2)], alcohol use [7.4% (95% UI: 5.8 to 9.0)], smoking [4.3% (95% UI: 2.9 to 5.9)], diet high in sodium [4.2% (95% UI: 0.8 to 10.5)], and lead exposure [2.3% (95% UI: 1.3 to 3.4)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed that AF\/AFL is still a major public health concern. Despite the advancements in the prevention and treatment of AF\/AFL, especially in regions in the relatively SDI quintile, the burden of AF\/AFL in regions in lower SDI quintile is increasing. Since AF\/AFL is largely preventable and treatable, there is an urgent need to implement more cost-effective strategies and interventions to address modifiable risk factors, especially in regions with high or increased AF\/AFL burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:58:30Z","timestamp":1672966710000},"page":"793-803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Global burden of atrial fibrillation\/atrial flutter and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3213-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-Jiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital , Yifen Road, Wanbailin District, Taiyuan 030000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei-Bei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Jinzhong , Shuncheng Road, Yuci District, Jinzhong 030600 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Fei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated of Inner Mongolia Medical University , Tongdao North Road, Huimin District, Huhehaote 010000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Shaanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital , Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xian 710000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanxi 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