{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:57:59Z","timestamp":1790269079744,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (S-ICDs) have become established in preventing sudden cardiac death, with some advantages over transvenous defibrillator systems, including a lower incidence of lead failures. Despite technological advancements, S-ICD carriers may suffer from significant complications, such as premature battery depletion (PBD), that led to an advisory for nearly 40 000 patients. This multicentre study evaluated the incidence of PBD in a large set of S-ICD patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from patients implanted with S-ICD models A209 and A219 between October 2012 and July 2023 across nine centres in Europe and the USA were reviewed. Incidence and implications of PBD, defined as clinically observed sudden drop in battery longevity, were analysed and compared to PBD with the definition of battery depletion within 60 months. Prospectively collected clinical data were obtained retrospectively from medical records, device telemetry, and manufacturer reports. This registry is listed on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05713708). Of the 1112 S-ICD devices analysed, 547 (49.2%) were equipped with a potentially affected capacitor linked to PBD occurrence, currently under Food and Drug Administration advisory. The median follow-up time for all patients was 46 [inter-quartile range (IQR) 24\u201363] months. Clinically suspected PBD was observed in 159 (29.1%) of cases, with a median time to generator removal or replacement of 65 (IQR 55\u201372) months, indicative of significant deviations from expected battery lifespan. Manufacturer confirmation of PBD was made in 91.7% of devices returned for analysis. No cases of PBD were observed in devices that were not under advisory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This manufacturer-independent analysis highlights a notable incidence of PBD in patients equipped with S-ICD models under advisory, and the rate of PBD in this study corresponds to the rate currently estimated by the manufacturer. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the largest contemporary peer-reviewed study cohort investigating the actual incidence of PBD in S-ICD patients. These findings emphasize the importance of post-market registries in collaboration between clinicians and the manufacturer to optimize safety and efficacy in S-ICD treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T20:57:44Z","timestamp":1718657864000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Occurrence of premature battery depletion in a large multicentre registry of subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillator patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2213-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"W\u00f6rmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Strik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Bordeaux, service de Cardiologie-\u00e9lectrophysiologie et stimulation cardiaque, INSERM , U 1045, F-33000 Bordeaux , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stjepan","family":"Jurisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, VCU Health Pauley Heart Center , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8481-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elrefai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rhythm Management Research Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck , Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1768-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"Schaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonius","family":"van Stipdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil T","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, The Essex Cardiothoracic Centre , Basildon , UK"},{"name":"Circulatory Health Research Group, Medical Technology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University , Chelmsford CM1 1SQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4355-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Ploux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Bordeaux, service de Cardiologie-\u00e9lectrophysiologie et stimulation cardiaque, INSERM , U 1045, F-33000 Bordeaux , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Breitenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana","family":"Kron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, VCU Health Pauley Heart Center , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rhythm Management Research Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Toennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/Luebeck , Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4893-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Linz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajdip","family":"Dulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, The Essex Cardiothoracic Centre , Basildon , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Hermes-Laufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Koneru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, VCU Health Pauley Heart Center , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer","family":"Erk\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4545-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Dittrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Hendrik","family":"van den Bruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Hendrik","family":"Schipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arian","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin D","family":"Rosenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology (IMSB), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6839-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"L\u00fcker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at the University of Cologne , Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Hear J"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909545","article-title":"An entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator","volume":"363","author":"Bardy","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euw258","article-title":"Implantation of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators in Europe: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey","volume":"18","author":"Boveda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euad122.427","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euad122.427","article-title":"Subcutaneous ICD therapy results in a similar quality of life compared with transvenous ICD therapy during both short- and long-term follow-up","volume":"25","author":"De Veld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab921","article-title":"Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: long-term results of the EFFORTLESS study","volume":"43","author":"Lambiase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048728","article-title":"Primary results from the understanding outcomes with the S-ICD in primary prevention patients with low ejection fraction (UNTOUCHED) trial","volume":"143","author":"Gold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.05.034","article-title":"Postapproval study of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator system","volume":"82","author":"Gold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac496","article-title":"Device-related complications in subcutaneous versus transvenous ICD: a secondary analysis of the PRAETORIAN trial","volume":"43","author":"Knops","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1566","article-title":"Perioperative safety and early patient and device outcomes among subcutaneous versus transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantations","volume":"175","author":"Healey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915932","article-title":"Subcutaneous or transvenous defibrillator therapy","volume":"383","author":"Knops","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euw415","article-title":"Inappropriate shocks in single-chamber and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Auricchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14935","article-title":"Premature battery depletion of EMBLEM subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators","volume":"32","author":"Ip","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B13","volume-title":"Important medical device advisory update","author":"Boston Scientific","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B14","volume-title":"Important medical device advisory Update","author":"Boston Scientific","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B15","volume-title":"Rhythm management product performance report Q4 edition 2023 RESONATETM family of ICDs AND CRT-Ds ACCOLADETM family of pacemakers INGEVITYTM + pacing lead","author":"Boston Scientific","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.07.008","article-title":"Long-term complications in patients implanted with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: real-world data from the extended ELISIR experience","volume":"18","author":"Gasperetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear Rhythm"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-023-01468-1","article-title":"Incidence of premature battery depletion in subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillator patients: insights from a multicenter registry","author":"L\u00fcker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B18","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.07.004","article-title":"Oversensing issues leading to device extraction: when subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator reached a dead-end","volume":"17","author":"Noel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hear Rhythm"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euac234","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac234","article-title":"Reduction in inappropriate therapies through device programming in subcutaneous implantable defibrillator patients: data from clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Rordorf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13713","article-title":"Premature battery depletion due to compromised low-voltage capacitor in a family of defibrillators","volume":"42","author":"Montgomery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.07.038","article-title":"Novel mechanism of premature battery failure due to lithium cluster formation in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators","volume":"11","author":"Pokorney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hear Rhythm"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131687","article-title":"Unanticipated subcutaneous ICD end-of-service due to premature battery depletion and occurrence of lead fracture: a single centre experience","volume":"400","author":"Lazzeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehad655.684","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.684","article-title":"Real world battery longevity of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD)","volume":"44","author":"Van Der Stuijt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-020-00920-w","article-title":"Reliability and longevity of implantable defibrillators","volume":"62","author":"Hauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab025","article-title":"Canadian registry of electronic device outcomes: remote monitoring outcomes in the Abbott battery performance alert\u2014a multicentre cohort","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.04.044","article-title":"Incidence of myopotential induction in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients: is the oversensing issue really solved?","volume":"16","author":"van den Bruck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Rhythm"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euac053.582","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac053.582","article-title":"Remote device monitoring shows long-term survival benefit in a propensity matched study of ICD patients","volume":"24","author":"Mzh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2024073112130444100_euae170-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euac053.450","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac053.450","article-title":"The subcutaneous ICD replacement in the clinical practice: preliminary observations from the multicentre RHYTHM DETECT","volume":"24","author":"Bianchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Europace"}],"container-title":["Europace"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/europace\/euae170\/58256103\/euae170.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article-pdf\/26\/7\/euae170\/58391166\/euae170.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article-pdf\/26\/7\/euae170\/58391166\/euae170.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1722477504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/europace\/euae170\/7695221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euae170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-5129","1532-2092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-5129","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"article-number":"euae170"}}