{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:19:23Z","timestamp":1788909563811,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Australia College of Physicians Research Entry Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Athletes are predisposed to atrial arrhythmias but the association between intense endurance exercise training, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and sudden cardiac death is less well established. Thus, it is unclear whether the \u2018athlete\u2019s heart\u2019 promotes specific arrhythmias or whether it represents a more general pro-arrhythmogenic phenotype. Whilst direct causality has not been established, it appears possible that repeated exposure to high-intensity endurance exercise in some athletes contributes to formation of pro-arrhythmic cardiac phenotypes that underlie VAs. Theories regarding potential mechanisms for exercise-induced VAs include repeated bouts of myocardial inflammation and stretch-induced cellular remodelling. Small animal models provide some insights, but larger animal and human data are sparse.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The current clinical approach to VAs in athletes is to differentiate those with and without structural or electrical heart disease. However, if the athlete\u2019s heart involves a degree of pro-arrhythmogenic remodelling, then this may not be such a simple dichotomy. Questions are posed by athletes with VAs in combination with extreme remodelling. Some markers, such as scar on magnetic resonance imaging, may point towards a less benign phenotype but are also quite common in ostensibly healthy athletes. Other clinical and invasive electrophysiology features may be helpful in identifying the at-risk athlete.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This review seeks to discuss the association between athletic training and VAs. We will discuss the potential mechanisms, clinical significance, and approach to the management of athletes with VAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T17:55:24Z","timestamp":1730829324000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ventricular arrhythmias in association with athletic cardiac remodelling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8459-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3010 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Heart Exercise & Research Trials (HEART) Lab, St Vincent\u2019s Institute , 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital , 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Claessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, LCRC , UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute, Diepenbeek ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Hartcentrum Hasselt, Jessa Ziekenhuis ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , KU Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M","family":"Kistler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3010 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital , Melbourne, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Monash University , Clayton, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, VIC ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hein","family":"Heidbuchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M","family":"Kalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3010 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital , 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3052 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