{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:06:10Z","timestamp":1792080370871,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["PID2022-136273OA-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-136273OA-C33"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["RYC2022-036965-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2022-036965-I"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R44HL158375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44HL158375"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is described as non-thermal, but data from oncology and cardiology show thermal effects occur. The specific waveform parameters influencing thermal energy development during PFA are unclear. The aim of this study is to numerically evaluate the thermal effects of PFA on myocardial and oesophageal tissue at various peak voltage conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A three-dimensional computer model of the left atrium quantified thermal effects from PFA at peak voltages of 1, 1.5, and 2 kV. Energy was applied using a bipolar configuration with far-field and symmetry boundaries set as electrically insulating. A monophasic waveform with a 100 \u03bcs pulse width and a 1 s gap between pulses was applied for a total of 50 pulses, mimicking clinical conditions. Minimal temperature rise in the oesophagus was observed with 1 kV pulses (214.5 J). At 1.5 and 2 kV (570.3 and 1.23 kJ), temperatures reached 46.3\u00b0C and &amp;gt;62\u00b0C, respectively, after a single pulse train. These findings suggest that repeated applications could lead to even higher temperatures, especially if good tissue contact is obtained. These results align with data from other medical fields using pulsed field treatments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thermal effects from PFA depend on the total energy deposited, with peak voltage being a significant factor. Current commercially available PFA systems have the potential to induce collateral thermal injury with repeated applications of pulsed field energy. This highlights the need for careful monitoring and adjustment of PFA parameters in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaf035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T17:54:42Z","timestamp":1739814882000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Thermal side effects during pulsed field ablation: an analysis using computer modelling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Mercado-Montoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, IN SILICO STEM S.A.S , Calle 52 81-48, Medell\u00edn 050035 ,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3947-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Gomez-Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, IN SILICO STEM S.A.S , Calle 52 81-48, Medell\u00edn 050035 ,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R","family":"Mickelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrophysiology, Scripps Health , La Jolla, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Kulstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1813-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMIT, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia , Val\u00e8ncia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence J","family":"Overzet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas 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(LAPC)","volume":"44","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025030505462986100_euaf035-B13","article-title":"Quantification of thermal side effects during pulsed field ablation","author":"Mercado-Montoya","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2025030505462986100_euaf035-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108490","article-title":"Difference between endocardial and epicardial application of pulsed fields for targeting epicardial ganglia: an in-silico modelling study","volume":"174","author":"Estevez-Labor\u00ed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"2025030505462986100_euaf035-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031206","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053199","article-title":"A comparative modeling study of thermal mitigation strategies in irreversible electroporation treatments","volume":"144","author":"Aycock","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Heat 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