{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T07:35:55Z","timestamp":1776065755747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Training frequently induces electrocardiographic (ECG) changes that mimic heart diseases, requiring specific criteria for interpretation. Paediatric athletes represent a unique population as training-induced changes and those due to sexual maturation interact, and specific criteria may be needed. We aimed to assess the prevalence and its relation to training of ECG abnormalities in young athletes aged 8\u201318 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 2458 young apparently healthy Caucasian athletes undergoing pre-participation screening. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were classified according to the 2017 International criteria (IC) by adding fragmented QRS and low QRS voltages in limb leads. A subgroup analysis was conducted to test the differences according to a 12-year-old age cut-off, the threshold for IC application. Common (&amp;gt;5%) findings included only mild sinus bradycardia (55\u201360 b.p.m.), early repolarization, incomplete right bundle branch block, voltage criteria for either left or right ventricular hypertrophy and T-wave inversion in V1\u2013V3 before the age of 12. A heart rate of 50\u201355 b.p.m., first-degree atrioventricular block, right-axis deviation, and T-wave inversion in V1\u2013V3 in athletes 12- to 16-year-old were uncommon (1\u20135%) and their prevalence was modulated by age, gender, and\/or training status. All other ECG findings were rare (&amp;lt;1%). Ten (0.4%) athletes received an at-risk cardiovascular disease diagnosis including 6 with rare and 1 with uncommon ECG abnormalities: 3 of 7 were classified as normal by IC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paediatric athletes exhibit less prominent ECG changes than their adult counterparts, requiring specific criteria. The significance of certain ECG patterns should be evaluated considering age, sex, and training level.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaf180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T18:11:32Z","timestamp":1755195092000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence and relation to training of electrocardiographic findings in Caucasian children and adolescents 8- to 18-year-old practicing competitive sport"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Graziano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova , Padova ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"De Antoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova , Padova ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorottya","family":"Balla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Manfrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department, University of Trieste , Trieste ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo Oscar","family":"Genta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department, University of Milan , Milano ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4731-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Brusamolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Unit, AULSS6 Padova , Padova ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Giada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, AULSS3 Venice-Noale , Noale ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Scorcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Center, ASL Cagliari , Cagliari ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Italian Sports Medicine Federation, FMSI , Roma ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9999-4321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Sydo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1034-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Gerbino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, AULSS3 Venice-Noale , Noale ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Compagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, AULSS3 Venice-Noale , Noale 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