{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:16:57Z","timestamp":1775755017419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Hartekind Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is effective in preventing sudden cardiac death in children. Unnecessary shocks should be avoided. ICD programming strategies and remote monitoring have been proven to be effective in preventing ICD shock therapy in adults; the present study evaluates the effectiveness in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective multi-centre study, including children with transvenous or epicardial ICD implantation. During follow-up data on ICD shocks, programming variables and remote monitoring were collected. One hundred sixteen children were included, median age 13.4 years (min\u2013max 0.3\u201318) and median follow-up 5.2 years (IQR 3.7\u20136.6), 53 with an ICD implanted before 2010 and 63 after 2010. The total appropriate and inappropriate annual shock rate decreased from 10.5 to 8% [difference in mean cumulative function (MCF) P = 0.008], 7.8 to 5.8% (MCF P = 0.036), and 4.3 to 2.6% (MCF P = 0.28), respectively, without increase in cardiac-related death. Remote monitoring was associated with a decrease of total shocks (MCF P = 0.013) and appropriate shocks (MCF P = 0.052). The ventricular fibrillation (VF) zone was programmed higher (\u2265210 bpm) at the time of appropriate vs. inappropriate shocks (86 vs. 79%; P = 0.0016), with no significant change in VF zone programming after 2010 compared to before 2010 (90 vs. 76%; P = 0.142) and in patients with vs. without shocks (79 vs. 89%; P = 0.243).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence of ICD shocks has significantly decreased in children with implantation after 2010, which appears to be multifactorial. A changed programming behaviour and remote monitoring are associated with this decrease and support its use in strategies to prevent unnecessary shocks in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaf240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T01:33:33Z","timestamp":1759196013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolution of implantable cardioverter\u2013defibrillator shock therapy in children in the era of optimized ICD programming and remote monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin A","family":"Bertels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2559-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martijn D","family":"Zeggelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie A F","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arend D J","family":"ten Harkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lieselot","family":"van Erven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, Leiden ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Smeding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3151-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrijs","family":"Bartelds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0948-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewout P","family":"Boesaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center\u2014Amalia Children\u2019s Hospital , Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit E","family":"Bhagwandien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sing-Chien","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0772-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinoud E","family":"Knops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers , Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico A","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014Amsterdam University Medical Centers , Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-9422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke A E","family":"Kammeraad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center\u2014Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101513134657900_euaf240-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.053","article-title":"2017 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular 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