{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:51:22Z","timestamp":1782899482528,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women are at higher risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes, when repolarization reserve is reduced, but sex-stratified mechanisms and quantitative risk assessment remain challenging. We aimed to develop scalable, tissue-scale, sex-aware ventricular virtual populations to quantify and explain sex differences in inherited and acquired proarrhythmic susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We constructed male and female virtual cohorts using a one-dimensional ventricular cable model with pseudo-electrocardiogram (pseudo-ECG), integrating sex-specific ionic conductance backgrounds and acute sex-hormone modulation. Virtual populations were filtered under multi-condition stress tests and calibrated to clinical corrected QT interval (QTc) distributions. We generated long QT syndrome types 1\u20133 (LQT1\u20133) cohorts, simulated sympathetic stress, and performed virtual drug trials for 109 compounds using multichannel block profiles at 1\u00d7 effective free therapeutic plasma concentration. Proarrhythmic risk was defined by tissue-scale instability events (premature ventricular complexes, T-wave alternans, or repolarization failure). Drivers were analysed using regression and channel-sensitivity analysis, and clinical 24\u2005h concentration-ECG data after dosing were used for external validation. The female cohorts exhibited higher simulated event risk across long QT syndrome subtypes and across multichannel drug block profiles, including drugs with &amp;lt;10\u2005ms mean QTc prolongation. Female-to-male risk ratios tracked clinical risk categories. Simulated QTc time-courses and concentration-QTc trends agreed with 24\u2005h clinical ECG data for key reference drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex-aware tissue-scale virtual populations enable in silico trials that quantify proarrhythmic risk beyond mean \u0394QTc, provide mechanistic drivers, and support sex-informed cardiac safety evaluation and monitoring strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euag133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T11:47:27Z","timestamp":1779968847000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-specific virtual population for the prediction and assessment of arrhythmia risk"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4619-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengze","family":"Sui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , HIT Campus, Shenzhen University Town, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory , No. 2 Xingke 1st Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory , No. 2 Xingke 1st Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangbin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory , No. 2 Xingke 1st Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Lord Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90089 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yucheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory , No. 2 Xingke 1st Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , HIT Campus, Shenzhen University Town, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory , No. 2 Xingke 1st Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory , No. 2 Xingke 1st Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B1","first-page":"690","article-title":"Sex differences in the evolution of the electrocardiographic QT interval with age","volume":"8","author":"Rautaharju","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56328-8","article-title":"Sex and race differences in J-Tend, J-Tpeak, and Tpeak-Tend intervals","volume":"9","author":"Hnatkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510210076031","article-title":"Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs","volume":"270","author":"Makkar","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.001","article-title":"Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings","volume":"55","author":"Drew","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966331","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.966331","article-title":"Drug-induced torsades de pointes: disproportionality analysis of the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.11.1363","article-title":"Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes","volume":"89","author":"Yap","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798918","article-title":"Repolarization reserve: a moving target","volume":"118","author":"Roden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.09.013","article-title":"Female gender as independent risk factor of torsades de pointes during acquired atrioventricular block","volume":"14","author":"Chorin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003264","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003264","article-title":"Which QT correction formulae to use for QT monitoring?","volume":"5","author":"Vandenberk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.133","article-title":"New age- and sex-specific criteria for QT prolongation based on rate correction formulas that minimize bias at the upper normal limits","volume":"174","author":"Rautaharju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.16.2120","article-title":"What clinicians should know about the QT interval","volume":"289","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01367.x","article-title":"Cardiac ventricular repolarization reserve: a principle for understanding drug-related proarrhythmic risk","volume":"164","author":"Varr\u00f3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2010.06.005","article-title":"Gender-related differences in ion-channel and transporter subunit expression in non-diseased human hearts","volume":"49","author":"Gaborit","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.150367","article-title":"Acute effects of oestrogen on the Guinea pig and human IKr channels and drug-induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization","volume":"586","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000658","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000658","article-title":"Acute effects of sex steroid hormones on susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias: a simulation study","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001615","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001615","article-title":"Comprehensive T wave morphology assessment in a randomized clinical study of dofetilide, quinidine, ranolazine, and verapamil","volume":"4","author":"Vicente","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv371","article-title":"Estradiol regulates human QT-interval: acceleration of cardiac repolarization by enhanced KCNH2 membrane trafficking","volume":"37","author":"Anneken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H640","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00864.2013","article-title":"Sex differences in the mechanisms underlying long QT syndrome","volume":"307","author":"Salama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.04.029","article-title":"Sex hormones and repolarization dynamics during the menstrual cycle in women with congenital long QT syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Bjelic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.22.2237","article-title":"Age- and sex-related differences in clinical manifestations in patients with congenital long-QT syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Locati","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00554-0","article-title":"Modulating effects of age and gender on the clinical course of long QT syndrome by genotype","volume":"42","author":"Zareba","year":"2003","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.10.1249","article-title":"Risk of aborted cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death during adolescence in the long-QT syndrome","volume":"296","author":"Hobbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.10.056","article-title":"Parameter sensitivity analysis in electrophysiological models using multivariable regression","volume":"96","author":"Sobie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2098","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304382110","article-title":"Experimentally calibrated population of models predicts and explains intersubject variability in cardiac cellular electrophysiology","volume":"110","author":"Britton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.09.017","article-title":"Early afterdepolarizations and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"7","author":"Weiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2240","article-title":"Sex-specific classification of drug-induced torsade de pointes susceptibility using cardiac simulations and machine learning","volume":"110","author":"Fogli Iseppe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2023","article-title":"Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis: toward clinical translation","volume":"104","author":"Trayanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01370-8","article-title":"Fast and accurate prediction of drug induced proarrhythmic risk with sex specific cardiac emulators","volume":"7","author":"Dominguez-Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euae150","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae150","article-title":"In silico TRials guide optimal stratification of ATrIal FIbrillation patients to catheter ablation and pharmacological medicaTION: the i-STRATIFICATION study","volume":"26","author":"Das\u00ed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euaf071","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaf071","article-title":"State of the art of artificial intelligence in clinical electrophysiology in 2025: a scientific statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), and the ESC working group on E-cardiology","volume":"27","author":"Svennberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48890","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48890","article-title":"Development, calibration, and validation of a novel human ventricular myocyte model in health, disease, and drug block","volume":"8","author":"Tomek","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273142","article-title":"A multiscale computational modelling approach predicts mechanisms of female sex risk in the setting of arousal-induced arrhythmias","volume":"595","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B33","first-page":"100479","article-title":"Sex-specific human electromechanical multiscale in-silico models for virtual therapy evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Holmes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708435","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.708435","article-title":"Sex differences in drug-induced arrhythmogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Peirlinck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00360","article-title":"In silico prediction of sex-based differences in human susceptibility to cardiac ventricular tachyarrhythmias","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523217","article-title":"Nontranscriptional regulation of cardiac repolarization currents by testosterone","volume":"112","author":"Bai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.702407","article-title":"Progesterone regulates cardiac repolarization through a nongenomic pathway","volume":"116","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.125.014249","article-title":"Population modeling approach for human cardiac arrhythmia risk prediction","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15167.x","article-title":"Die systolendauer im elektrokardiogramm bei normalen menschen und bei herzkranken","volume":"54","author":"Fridericia","year":"1921","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033943","article-title":"Determination and interpretation of the QT interval: comprehensive analysis of a large cohort of long QT syndrome patients and controls","volume":"138","author":"Vink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644279","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.644279","article-title":"The link between sex hormones and susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias: from molecular basis to clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12201","article-title":"Are women more susceptible than men to drug-induced QT prolongation? Concentration\u2013QTc modelling in a phase 1 study with oral rac-sotalol","volume":"77","author":"Darpo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B43","first-page":"2219","article-title":"The E1784K mutation in SCN5A is associated with mixed clinical phenotype of type 3 long QT syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Makita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022147","article-title":"Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Priori","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2020.08.016","article-title":"Sex influences on ventricular repolarization duration in normal subjects and in type 1, 2 and 3 long QT syndrome patients: different effect in acquired and congenital type 2 LQTS","volume":"62","author":"Extramiana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.218164","article-title":"Differential conditions for early after-depolarizations and triggered activity in cardiomyocytes derived from transgenic LQT1 and LQT2 rabbits","volume":"590","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017267","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017267","article-title":"Impact of medical castration on malignant arrhythmias in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.109918","article-title":"Sex differences on the electrocardiographic pattern of cardiac repolarization: possible role of testosterone","volume":"140","author":"Bidoggia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01163.x","article-title":"Effects of testosterone on the Q-T interval in older men and older women with chronic heart failure: testosterone effects on the Q-T interval","volume":"34","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2524124","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.24124","article-title":"Transgender-affirming hormone therapies, QT prolongation, and cardiac repolarization","volume":"8","author":"Grouthier","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.04.034","article-title":"Female preponderance in ibutilide-induced torsade de pointes","volume":"95","author":"Gowda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B52","first-page":"101475","article-title":"Safety of dofetilide in stable patients and investigating traits of susceptibility to torsade de pointes","volume":"54","author":"Tagle-Cornell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B53","author":"International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.222","article-title":"Key clinical considerations for demonstrating the utility of preclinical models to predict clinical drug-induced torsades de pointes","volume":"154","author":"Sager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.155","article-title":"Differentiating drug-induced multichannel block on the electrocardiogram: randomized study of dofetilide, quinidine, ranolazine, and verapamil","volume":"96","author":"Johannesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215","article-title":"PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet","volume":"101","author":"Goldberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032426","article-title":"Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval","volume":"350","author":"Roden","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2008.05.005","article-title":"Drug-induced long QT syndrome in women: review of current evidence and remaining gaps","volume":"5","author":"Hreiche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-013-0056-x","article-title":"Drug-induced long QT syndrome in women","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25539","article-title":"Genetics of acquired long QT syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Roden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H963","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00792.2024","article-title":"Exploring the mechanisms of sex-specific proarrhythmia in long QT syndrome through computational modeling","volume":"328","author":"Doherty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2026.03.001","article-title":"Why not to include M-cells in ventricular computer models","volume":"200","author":"Boukens","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.04.002","article-title":"Gender disparity in cardiac electrophysiology: implications for cardiac safety pharmacology","volume":"127","author":"Jonsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1674-8301(11)60010-9","article-title":"Gender-based differences in cardiac diseases","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Res"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00152","article-title":"Ion channel regulation by sex steroid hormones and vitamin D in cancer: a potential opportunity for cancer diagnosis and therapy","volume":"11","author":"Restrepo-Angulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00310","article-title":"The role of 17\u03b2-estradiol and estrogen receptors in regulation of Ca2+ channels and mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes","volume":"10","author":"Mahmoodzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H820","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00734.2019","article-title":"Estrogen and calcium handling proteins: new discoveries and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"318","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015295562400_euag133-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2188","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00256.2003","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on gender-related autonomic differences in humans","volume":"285","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"}],"container-title":["Europace"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/europace\/euag133\/68435318\/euag133.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article-pdf\/28\/6\/euag133\/68435318\/euag133.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article-pdf\/28\/6\/euag133\/68435318\/euag133.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:37:15Z","timestamp":1782898635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/europace\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/europace\/euag133\/8698443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euag133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-5129","1532-2092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-5129","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"euag133"}}