{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T22:50:20Z","timestamp":1776293420862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Health Wales Pump-Prime research scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The health of people in prisons is a public health issue. It is well known that those in prison experience poorer health outcomes than those in the general community. One such example is the burden of non-communicable diseases, more specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, there is limited evidence research on the extent of cardiometabolic risk factors in the prison environment in Wales, the wider UK or globally.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Risk assessments were performed on a representative sample of 299 men at HMP Parc, Bridgend. The risk assessments were 30\u2009min in duration and men aged 25\u201384\u2009years old and free from pre-existing CVD and T2DM were eligible. During the risk assessment, a number of demographic, anthropometric and clinical markers were obtained. The 10-year risk of CVD and T2DM was predicted using the QRISK2 algorithm and Diabetes UK Risk Score, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The majority of the men was found to be either overweight (43.5%) or obese (37.5%) and\/or demonstrated evidence of central obesity (40.1%). Cardiometabolic risk factors including systolic hypertension (25.1%), high cholesterol (29.8%), low HDL cholesterol (56.2%) and elevated total cholesterol: HDL ratios (23.1%) were observed in a considerable number of men. Ultimately, 15.4% were calculated at increased risk of CVD, and 31.8% predicted at moderate or high risk of T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, a substantial prevalence of previously undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk factors was observed and men in prison are at elevated risk of cardiometabolic disease at a younger age than current screening guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T11:59:48Z","timestamp":1599739188000},"page":"461-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Abundance of undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk within the population of a long-stay prison in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1548-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin 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Giri","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D","family":"Luzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Unit Cymru, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie E","family":"Perrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021071319332992500_ckaa187-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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