{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:05:07Z","timestamp":1780668307056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The central sexual health centre (SHC) in the greater Rotterdam area in the Netherlands helps finding people unaware of their STI\/HIV status. We aimed to determine a possible association between SHC utilization and travel distance in this urban and infrastructure-rich area. Insight in area-specific utilization helps adjust outreach policies to enhance STI testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study population consists of all residents aged 15\u201345\u2009years in the greater Rotterdam area (2015\u201317). We linked SHC consultation data from STI tested heterosexual clients to the population registry. The association between SHC utilization and distance was investigated by multilevel modelling, adjusting for sociodemographic and area-specific determinants. The data were also stratified by age (aged\u2009&amp;lt;\u200925\u2009years) and migratory background (non-Western), since SHC triage may affect their utilization. We used straight-line distance between postal code area centroid and SHC address as a proxy for travel distance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found large area variation in SHC utilization (range: 1.13\u201348.76 per 1000 residents). Both individual- and area-level determinants determine utilization. Travel distance explained most area variation and was inversely associated with SHC utilization when adjusted for other sociodemographic and area-specific determinants [odds ratio (OR) per kilometre: 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93\u20130.96]. Similar results were obtained for residents &amp;lt;25\u2009years (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94\u20130.96), but not for non-Western residents (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99\u20131.00).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Living further away from a central SHC shows a distance decline effect in utilization. We recommend to enhance STI testing by offering STI testing services closer to the population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T19:13:01Z","timestamp":1631905981000},"page":"1241-1248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Distance as explanatory factor for sexual health centre utilization: an urban population-based study in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Denise E","family":"Twisk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Research and Business Intelligence, Municipality of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Meima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Research and Business Intelligence, Municipality of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"Nieboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Hendrik","family":"Richardus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannelore M","family":"G\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6811e1","article-title":"Vital signs: HIV transmission along the continuum of care - United States, 2016","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B2","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B3","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12680","article-title":"Barriers to sexually transmitted infection testing in New Zealand: a qualitative study","volume":"41","author":"Denison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1095-x","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to HIV testing in migrants in high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Blondell","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2013.776672","article-title":"Content analysis: a review of perceived barriers to sexual and reproductive health services by young people","volume":"18","author":"Bender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151613","article-title":"Level of young people sexual and reproductive health service utilization and its associated factors among young people in Awabel District, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Ayehu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1071\/SH13034","article-title":"Identifying and understanding barriers to sexually transmissible infection testing among young people","volume":"10","author":"De Visser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2013.789880","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and chlamydia\/gonorrhea testing among heterosexual college students: who is getting tested and why do some not?","volume":"61","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3379-0","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to sexual health service use among university students: a qualitative descriptive study using the Theoretical Domains Framework and COM-B model","volume":"18","author":"Cassidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600908440","article-title":"Why the(y) wait? Key informant understandings of factors contributing to late presentation and poor utilization of HIV health and social care services by African migrants in Britain","volume":"19","author":"Burns","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.02.003","article-title":"Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors for healthcare access: towards an integrated approach to defining health professional shortage areas","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2008.00877.x","article-title":"Is neighborhood access to health care provision associated with individual-level utilization and satisfaction?","volume":"43","author":"Hiscock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013059","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013059","article-title":"Are differences in travel time or distance to healthcare for adults in global north countries associated with an impact on health outcomes? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31822d5e03","article-title":"The effect of distance on the use of emergency hospital services in a Spanish region with high population dispersion: a multilevel analysis","volume":"50","author":"Sanz-Barbero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B16","first-page":"e391","article-title":"Proximity and emergency department use: multilevel analysis using administrative data from patients with cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"61","author":"Bergeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcy053","article-title":"Why you should always include a random slope for the lower-level variable involved in a cross-level interaction","volume":"35","author":"Heisig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Sociol Rev"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B18","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in The Netherlands in 2017","author":"Visser","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B19","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.08.001","article-title":"STI risk perception in the British population and how it relates to sexual behaviour and STI healthcare use: findings from a cross-sectional survey (Natsal-3)","volume":"2","author":"Clifton","year":"2018","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932018000330","article-title":"Concerns about contracting HIV, knowing partners' HIV sero-status and discussion of HIV\/STI with sexual partners as determinants of uptake of HIV testing","volume":"51","author":"Ajayi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz056","article-title":"Achieving the first of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 targets: understanding the influence of HIV risk perceptions, knowing one's partner's status and discussion of HIV\/sexually transmitted infections with a sexual partner on uptake of HIV testing","volume":"11","author":"Ajayi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903499170","article-title":"\"If I cannot access services, then there is no reason for me to test\": the impacts of health service charges on HIV testing and treatment amongst migrants in England","volume":"22","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0876-z","article-title":"Inequalities in health care utilization among migrants and non-migrants in Germany: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90042-1","article-title":"What does distance matter? Leprosy control in West Nepal","volume":"26","author":"Pearson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325958219859654","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958219859654","article-title":"Paying to normalize life: monetary and psychosocial costs of realizing a normal life in the context of free antiretroviral therapy services in Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Nanfuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071311","article-title":"Sexual health help-seeking behavior among migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia living in high income countries: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Rade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15073","article-title":"Why not the GP? Client preferences for sexually transmissible infection testing in Western Sydney","volume":"12","author":"Biggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2478\/jos-2020-0014","article-title":"Estimating literacy levels at a detailed regional level: an application using Dutch data","volume":"36","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B30","first-page":"A2.4","article-title":"PL09 Digital sexual health: what we know and what we need to know for effective services [Conference Presenation STI & HIV 2021, Amsterdam]","volume":"97 (Suppl. 1","author":"Estcourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2011.583586","article-title":"A Nationwide Comparison of Driving Distance Versus Straight-Line Distance to Hospitals","volume":"64","author":"Boscoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prof Geogr"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-7","article-title":"Comparing alternative approaches to measuring the geographical accessibility of urban health services: distance types and aggregation-error issues","volume":"7","author":"Apparicio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-21","article-title":"Distance, rurality and the need for care: access to health services in South West England","volume":"3","author":"Jordan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-16","article-title":"Comparison of perceived and modelled geographical access to accident and emergency departments: a cross-sectional analysis from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Study","volume":"5","author":"Fone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31822944d1","article-title":"Estimating proximity to care: are straight line and zipcode centroid distances acceptable proxy measures?","volume":"50","author":"Bliss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2021120504195837700_ckab177-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2009.01044.x","article-title":"Spatial implications associated with using Euclidean distance measurements and geographic centroid imputation in health care research","volume":"45","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab177\/40483043\/ckab177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/31\/6\/1241\/41428313\/ckab177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/31\/6\/1241\/41428313\/ckab177.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T04:22:13Z","timestamp":1638678133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/31\/6\/1241\/6378271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1101-1262","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-360X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}