{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T08:25:15Z","timestamp":1789287915169,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QLG1-CT-2000-01643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QLG1-CT-2000-01643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EUROBLCS","award":["E51560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E51560"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health 2000","award":["G DF682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G DF682"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health 2000","award":["50945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50945"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainio foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sohlberg foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To study the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and paternal smoking before pregnancy and adult offspring psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective general population cohort study in Northern Finland, with people from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986: 7259 subjects (77% of the original sample). Data on parental smoking were collected from parents during pregnancy using questionnaires. Outcomes were offspring\u2019s register-based diagnoses: any psychiatric disorder, any non-organic psychosis, mood disorder, anxiety disorder and substance use disorder (SUD) until the age of 29\u201330\u2009years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and paternal smoking before pregnancy were pooled to three-class variables: (i) none; (ii) 1\u20139 and (iii) \u226510 cigarettes\/day. Information regarding both parents\u2019 alcohol use during pregnancy and at offspring age 15\u201316\u2009years, maternal education level, family structure, parental psychiatric diagnoses and offspring gender, smoking, intoxication frequency and illicit substance use at the age of 15\u201316\u2009years were investigated as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the multivariable analyses, maternal smoking during pregnancy did not associate with the studied outcomes after adjusting for offspring smoking and other substance use at offspring age 15\u201316 years and parental psychiatric disorders. However, paternal smoking \u226510 cigarettes\/day before pregnancy [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7\u201311.2, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001] and paternal psychiatric disorders (HR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1\u20132.8, P\u2009=\u20090.028) associated with offspring SUD after adjustments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Information across the offspring life course is essential in exploring the association between parental smoking and offspring psychiatric disorders. Paternal smoking before pregnancy and paternal psychiatric disorders may act as modifiers in elevating the risk of substance-use-related problems among offspring.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T12:07:43Z","timestamp":1642248463000},"page":"254-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Parental smoking and young adult offspring psychosis, depression and anxiety disorders and substance use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Marian","family":"Sarala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Mustonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University Consortium of Sein\u00e4joki, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anni-Emilia","family":"Alakokkare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University Consortium of Sein\u00e4joki, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8986-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Salom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solja","family":"Niemel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051019055455900_ckac004-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-213","article-title":"Characteristics of women who continue smoking during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant women and new mothers in 15 European countries","volume":"14","author":"Smedberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy 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