{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:19:35Z","timestamp":1794323975221,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple studies report reductions in air pollution associated with COVID-19 lockdowns.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a systematic review of the changes observed in hazardous air pollutants known or suspected to be harmful to health, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). We searched PubMed and Web of Science for studies reporting the associations of lockdowns with air pollutant changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and North America.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred nine studies were identified and analyzed. Several pollutants exhibited marked and sustained reductions. The strongest was NO2 (93% of 89 estimated changes were reductions) followed by CO (88% of 33 estimated pollutant changes). All NOx and benzene studies reported significant reductions although these were based on fewer than 10 estimates. About three-quarters of PM2.5 and PM10 estimates showed reductions and few studies reported increases when domestic fuel use rose during COVID-19 lockdowns. In contrast, O3 levels rose as NOx levels fell. SO2 and ammonia (NH3) had mixed results. In general, greater reductions appeared when lockdowns were more severe, as well as where baseline pollutant levels were higher, such as at low-elevation and in densely populated areas. Substantial and robust reductions in NO2, NO, CO, CO2, PM2.5, PM10, benzene and air quality index pollution occurred in association with COVID-19 lockdowns. O3 levels tended to increase, while SO2 and NH3 had mixed patterns.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study shows the profound impact of human activity levels on air pollution and its potential avoidability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T14:29:27Z","timestamp":1662647367000},"page":"962-968","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution in Europe and North America: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bakola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras , Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ireri","family":"Hernandez Carballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University , Milan, Italy"},{"name":"RFF-CMCC European Institute of Economics and the Environment, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici , Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7499-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Jelastopulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras , Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1288-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Stuckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University , Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Social & Political Sciences and Dondena Research Centre, University of Bocconi , Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082719111962400_ckac118-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abee4d","article-title":"Saving the world from your couch: the heterogeneous medium-run benefits of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution","volume":"16","author":"Bonardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res 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