{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T07:55:59Z","timestamp":1775289359770,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ulverscroft Vision Research Group"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Childhood vision impairment (VI) can adversely impact health and social outcomes and limit life chances. We investigated whether its adverse impacts into adult life changed during a period in which legislation, policy and services to address inequalities relating to disability were implemented.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-cohort study comprising 14\u00a0247 participants from the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts (BC). Participants dichotomized as VI at age 15\/16 (distance visual acuity was 6\/12 or worse in the better-seeing eye) or normally sighted. Associations of childhood VI with health, well-being, socioeconomic and social participation outcomes in mid-adult life were investigated using regression models adjusted for participants\u2019 early life socioeconomic markers and sex. Change in adjusted odds ratios of &amp;gt;10% in the same direction in successive cohorts, or a\u2009&amp;gt;\u200920% difference between 1970BC and one older cohort were considered meaningful.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trends over time in impacts of childhood onset VI into mid-adult life were complex. This included worsening of odds of poorer physical health (odds ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.02\u20132.14), living in unsatisfactory (1.54; 1.03\u20132.29) or overcrowded (2.34; 1.26\u20134.06) households, being unemployed (2.19; 1.19\u20133.97) and not gaining additional educational qualifications during mid-adult life (1.61; 1.08\u20132.47). By contrast the odds of not participating in some social activities (e.g. seeing friends) improved over time. Associations with other outcomes were unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many adverse impacts of childhood VI do not appear ameliorated over time by legislation, policies and provision that would have been expected to reduce inequalities. Moreover, some were increased. Childhood VI continues to cast a life-long shadow.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T20:15:19Z","timestamp":1694981719000},"page":"1035-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trends in the long-term impact of childhood visual impairment on health and social outcomes in the UK: a cross-cohort study across three decades of disability-related legislation and policy implementation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2522-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Bountziouka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK"},{"name":"Computer Simulations, Genomics and Data Analysis Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean , Lemnos, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Science, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9066-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisanne Andra","family":"Horvat-Gitsels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK"},{"name":"Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cortina-Borja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5718-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jugnoo Sangeeta","family":"Rahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK"},{"name":"Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre London , London, U K"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B1","author":"Health and Social Care Act","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B2","author":"Equality Act","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B3","author":"Disability Discrimination Act","year":"1995"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B4","author":"Housing Act","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B5","author":"Education Act","year":"1981"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B6","author":"Community Care (Direct Payments) Act","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B7","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B8","author":"Venters","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B9","author":"The Health Foundation"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B10","author":"Grant","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023120922245245300_ckad162-B11","author":"Department for Work and Pensions, Department of Health, Department for Education and Skills, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 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