{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:34:58Z","timestamp":1787769298024,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00022\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00022\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPHSU17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPHSU17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical","award":["SCAF\/15\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCAF\/15\/02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["205412\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205412\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA019606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA019606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To estimate the effect of social media use in 14 year olds on risk of and inequalities in alcohol use and binge drinking at 17 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using the UK-representative Millennium Cohort Study, the relationship between time spent on social media (assessed using questionnaires [n\u2009=\u20098987] and time-use-diaries [n\u2009=\u20092520]) with frequency of alcohol use in the past month and binge drinking was estimated using adjusted odds ratios (AORs) or adjusted relative risk ratios (ARRRs). Associations within low and high parental education groups were compared to examine effect modification. Analyses accounted for pre-specified confounders, baseline outcome measures (to address reverse causality), sample design, attrition and item-missingness (through multiple imputation).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Questionnaire-reported time spent on social media was associated with increased risk of alcohol use and binge drinking in a dose\u2013response manner. Compared to 1-&amp;lt;\u200930\u2009min\/day social media users, 30\u2009min-&amp;lt;1\u2009h\/day users were more likely to report alcohol use \u22656 times\/month (ARRR 1.62 [95% confidence interval 1.20 to 2.20]) and binge drinking (AOR 1.51 [1.22 to 1.87]), as were 1\u2013&amp;lt;2\u2009h\/day users (ARRR 2.61 [1.90 to 3.58]; AOR 2.06 [1.69 to 2.52]) and \u22652\u2009h\/day users (ARRR 4.80 [3.65 to 6.32]; AOR 3.07 [2.54 to 3.70]). Social media measured by time-use-diary was associated with higher risks, although not always demonstrating a dose\u2013response relationship. The effect of social media use (vs no-use) on binge drinking was larger in the higher (vs lower) parental education groups. Analyses repeated in complete case samples, and with adjustment for baseline outcome measures revealed consistent findings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Findings suggest social media use may increase risk of alcohol use and binge drinking. Regulatory action protecting adolescents from harmful alcohol-related social media content is necessary.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T02:13:35Z","timestamp":1694571215000},"page":"1043-1051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The relationship between time spent on social media and adolescent alcohol use: a longitudinal analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrit Kaur","family":"Purba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"School of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Vittal","family":"Katikireddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120922253935600_ckad163-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4276","article-title":"Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study","volume":"170","author":"Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2023120922253935600_ckad163-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116025","article-title":"Beyond behaviour: how health inequality theory can enhance our understanding of the \u2018Alcohol-Harm Paradox","volume":"18","author":"Boyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2023120922253935600_ckad163-B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201890 per cent of the time when I have had a drink in my hand I \u2019 m on my phone as well\u2019: a cross-national analysis of communications technologies and drinking practices among young people","author":"Caluzzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"2023120922253935600_ckad163-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15482","article-title":"Associations between social media usage and alcohol use among youths and young adults: findings from Understanding Society","volume":"116","author":"Ng Fat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2023120922253935600_ckad163-B5","volume-title":"Adolescent Alcohol-Related Behaviours: Trends and Inequalities in the WHO European Region, 2002-2014: Observations from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children WHO Collaborative Cross-National Study","author":"Inchley","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023120922253935600_ckad163-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-05-2014-0022","article-title":"I\u2019ve 500 friends, but who are my mates? 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